1) Simplifying algebraic expressions

Simplifying Expressions
 An expression is a math sentence that
does not have an equal sign.

For example: 3x + 7 – 4x -2

Remember:
We evaluate expressions.
We solve equations.
 Simplifying Expressions
 Each part of an expression is called a
term.

In the expression 3x + 7 - 4x -2
the terms are:

3x, 7, -4x, and -2

Notice that the sign in front of each

 Simplifying Expressions
 Terms that have identical variable parts
are like terms.
In the expression 3x + 7 – 4x -2

3x and -4x are like terms

7 and -2 are like terms

We can combine like terms.

 Simplifying Expressions
 The coefficient of a term is the number
part of the term.

In the expression 3x + 7 – 4x -2
the coefficients are 3 (from 3x) and -4
(from -4x).

If a variable has no number in front of it,

the coefficient is 1.
 Simplifying Expressions
 A term that has a number, but no variable, is
a constant term.

In the expression 3x + 7 - 4x -2
the constants are:
7 and -2.
 Combining Like Terms
 We can only add or subtract terms
that are alike. 2x + 2 cannot be added
because 2x and 2 are not like terms.

 Like terms have identical variable

parts and identical exponents!
 Combining Like Terms
Example: 11x + 1 – 4x

11x and -4x are like terms, so we can combine

them:
11x – 4x = 7x

Rewrite the simplified expression:

= 7x + 1
 Combining Like Terms
Example: 12m + 9 -2m -16

12m and -2m are like terms.

9 and -16 are like terms.

12m – 2m = 10m
9 – 16 = -7

So, we can rewrite the expression to be:

10m - 7
Your Turn - Simplify Each Expression

1. 10k + 6km + 5k 1. 15k + 6km

2. 8g – 9g + 2 2. -g + 2

3. y + y + y 3. 3y

4. 4a + 7b + 4b + 5a 4. 9a + 11b

5. 8 – 6a + 2b - 8 5. -6a + 2b
Distributive Property

 Sometimes you need to use distributive

property to simplify the expression
before you combine like terms.

2(y - 4) + 5y
= (2 • y) - (2 • 4) + 5y
= 2y – 8 + 5y
= 7y - 8
Distributive Property

 5(n + 2r) + 3n
= (5 • n) + (5 • 2r) + 3n
= 5n + 10r + 3n
= (5n + 3n) + 10r
= 8n + 10r
Your Turn - Simplify the expressions

1. 4(2n + 10) 1. 8n + 40

2. 2(15xy + 8x) 2. 30xy + 16x

3. -2(c + 10) + 4c +22 3. 2c + 2

4. 3(2v + 5m) - 2(3v –2m) 4. 19m

1) Simplifying algebraic expressions
2) Fractions
Add & Subtract Fractions

1. Find the common denominator.

2. Make equivalent fractions using the new common
denominator.
3. Add/sub the numerators. Denominator stays the same.
4. Simplify/reduce.
5. Leave improper fractions as is!
 Examples

1
3 5
 
8 6
9 20 29
 
24 24 24
2
8 2
7 3 
9 3
8 6 2
7 3  4
9 9 9
Multiply Fractions & Mixed #s

1. Change any mixed #s into improper fractions.

2. Multiply numerators.
3. Multiply denominators.
4. Simplify. (You can also simplify before you multiply.)
5. Leave improper fractions as is.
 Examples
1
3 5 15 3 5
   
8 6 48 3 16
2 1 10
4  
5 11
21 10 42
2
 
1 5 11 11
Divide Fractions & Mixed #s

1. Change any mixed #s into improper fractions.

2. Find the reciprocal of the 2nd fraction (the divisor), rewriting
the problem as a multiplication problem.
3. Multiply.
4. Simplify. (You can also simplify before you multiply.)
5. Leave improper fractions as is.
 Examples
1 3 5 3 6 18 2 9
     
8 6 8 5 40 2 20

2 1 10
3  
5 11
8
16 11 88
 
5 10 5 25
Now :

 Reciprocal: numerator and denominator change place (fraction

flipped over)
 Multiplicative inverse: a number and its reciprocal are called
multiplicative inverses
 A number times its reciprocal = 1
Inverse Prop. Of Multiplication

 The product of a real # (but not zero) and its reciprocal is 1.

 Algebraically: For a≠0,
Integer Rules

 Positive # • Positive # = Positive #

 Negative # • Negative # = Positive #
(Same signs = positive answer)
 Positive # • Negative # = Negative #
 Negative # • Positive # = Negative #
(Opposite signs = neg answer)
 Same rules for division.
 Important Stuff about Zero
 Zero times a number = zero
 Zero divided by a number = zero
 A number divided by zero = undefined
 How could you make zero groups of something? It is not possible, so we get
“undefined” instead.
1) Simplifying algebraic expressions
2) Fractions
3) Solving algebraic equations
 EXAMPLES

1) Solve the following equations:

(a) 6(a + 2) = 42 (b) 5(w – 4) = 40

6a + 12 = 42 = 5w - 20 = 40
6a = 42 - 12 5w = 40 + 20
6a = 30 5w = 60
a = 5 w = 12
2) Solve the following equations:

(a) 5(4a + 2) = 70 (b) 4(2x – 4) = 32

20a +10 = 70 = 8x - 16 = 32
20a = 70 - 10 8x = 32 + 16
20a = 60 8x = 48
a = 3 x =6
3) Solve the following equations:

(a) 3(3a + 2) + 2(4a + 2) = 44

9a + 6 + 8a + 4 = 44
17a + 10 = 44
17a = 44 - 10
17a = 34
a = 2
 Try it now by yourself :

(a) 2(y + 2) = 8 2y + 4 = 8 2y = 4 y=2

(b) 3(a + 2) = 12 3a + 6 = 12 3a = 6 a=2
(c) 4(x - 4) = 40 4x – 16 = 40 4x = 56 x = 14
(d) 5(c - 3) = 35 5c – 15 = 35 5c = 50 c = 10
(e) 7(3 + a) = 49 21 + 7a = 49 7a = 28 a=4
(f) 6(-2 + x) = 36 -12 + 6x = 36 6x = 48 x = 8
(g) 6(6 + p) = 48 36 + 6p = 48 6p = 12 p = 2
(h) 9(x+ 4) = 18 9x + 36 = 18 9x = - 18 x = -2
(i) 4(a + 6) = 4 4a + 24 = 4 4a = -20 a = -5
(j) 8(3 + m) = 8 24 + 8m = 8 8m = -16 m = -2
 Solve the following equations + x+ = + -x+=-
Remember your multiplication facts:
+x-=- -x-=+
All will be able to: Most should be able to:
1. 2 (4x + 8) = 32 1) 3(2x + 1) + 2(4x + 2) = 35
2. 5 (7x- 4) = 15 2) 2(x + 3) + 3(x + 1) = 24
3. 5 (5x- 3) = 35 3) 4(3x – 2) + 8(x + 1) = 100
4. 4 (6x + 3) = 36 4) 6(x + 2) + 4(3 – x) = 30
5. 7 (2x - 7) = 7 5) 5(2x + 3) + 2(5x + 1) = 37
6. 6 (2x - 3) = 42

Some could be able to:

1) 2(3x + 1) – 3(x + 2) = 2
2) 5(2x + 3) – 3(3x – 2) = 22
3) 4(2x – 3) + 2(x – 4) = 10
4) 3(4x – 2) + 5(x – 1) = 23
5) 8(2x – 1) – 3(5x – 3) = 1
All will be able to: Most should be able to:

1. 2 (4x + 8) = 32 = 8x + 16 = 32 so x=2 1) 3(2x + 1) + 2(4x + 2) = 35

2. 5 (7x- 4) = 15 = 35x – 20 = 15 so x=1 6x + 3 + 8x + 4 = 35
14x + 7 = 35
3. 5 (5x- 3) = 35 = 25x -15 = 35 so x=2
x=2
4. 4 (6x + 3) = 36 = 24x + 12 = 36 so x=1 2) 2(x + 3) + 3(x + 1) = 24
5. 7 (2x - 7) = 7 = 14x – 49 = 7 so x=4 2x + 6 + 3x + 3 = 24
5x + 9 = 24
6. 6 (2x - 3) = 42 = 12x – 18 = 42 so x=5 x=3
Some could be able to: 3) 4(3x – 2) + 8(x + 1) = 100
1) 2(3x + 1) – 3(x + 2) = 2 12x – 8 + 8x + 8 = 100
6x + 2 – 3x – 6 = 2 so 3x – 4 = 2 x=2 20x = 100
x=5
4) 6(x + 2) + 4(3 – x) = 30
2) 5(2x + 3) – 3(3x – 2) = 22
6x + 12 + 12 – 4x = 30
10x + 15 – 9x + 6 = 22 so x + 21 = 22 x=1
2x + 24 = 30
x=3
3) 4(2x – 3) + 2(x – 4) = 10 5) 5(2x + 3) + 2(5x + 1) = 37
8x – 12 + 2x – 8 = 1 so 10x – 20 = 10 x=3 10x + 15 + 10x + 2 = 37
20x +17 = 37
4) 3(4x – 2) + 5(x – 1) = 23 x=1
12x – 6 + 5x – 5 = 23 so 17x – 11 = 23 x=2
1) Simplifying algebraic expressions
2) Fractions
3) Solving algebraic equations
4) Inequalities
1) Solve.

n – 7 ≤ 15
n ≤ 15 + 7
n ≤ 22
2)Solve.

7a – 10 ≥ –3
7a ≥ 10–3

7a ≥ 7
a ≥ 1
3) Solve.

5d – 12 ≤ 3d
5d - 3d ≤ 12
2d ≤ 12
d ≤ 6
4)Solve.

10k – 14 ≥ 8k

10k – 8k ≥ 14

2k ≥ 14

k ≥ 7
1) Simplifying algebraic expressions
2) Fractions
3) Solving algebraic equations
4) Inequalities
5) indices
What are Indices?

 Indices provide a way of writing numbers in a more convenient

form
 Indices is the plural of Index
 An Index is often referred to as a power
 For example

5 x 5 x 5 = 53
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 24
7 x 7 x 7x 7 x 7 = 75
5 is the INDEX
7 is the BASE NUMBER

75 & 24 are numbers in INDEX FORM

 Combining numbers

5x5x5 x2x2x2x2
= 5 3 x 24

We can not write this any more simply

Can ONLY do that if BASE NUMBERS are the same

 Rule 1 : Multiplication

26 x 2 4 = 210
24 x 2 2 = 26
35 x 3 7 = 312
General Rule

am x an = am+n
 Rule 2 : Division

26 ÷ 24 = 32
25 ÷ 22 = 23
35 ÷ 37 = 3-2
General Rule

am ÷ an = am-n
 Rule 3 : Brackets

(26)2 = 26 x 26 = 212
(35)3 = 3 5 x 3 5 x 35 = 315
General Rule

(am)n = am x n
 Rule 4 : Index of 0

How could you get an answer of 30?

35 ÷ 35 = 35-5 = 30
30 = 1 General Rule

a0 = 1
 Putting them together?
26 x 2 4 = 210 = 27
23 23
35 x 3 7 = 312 = 38
34 34
25 x 2 3 = 28 = 22
24 x 2 2 26
 Works with algebra too!

a6 x a4 = a10
b5 x b 7 = b12
c5 x c3 = c8 = c 4
c4 c4
a5 x a3 = a8 = a-2
a4 x a6 a10
 ..and a mixture…

2a3 x 3a4 = 2 x 3 x a3 x a4 = 6a7

8a6 ÷ 4a4 = (8 ÷ 4) x (a6 ÷ a4) = 2a2
2 8a 62

4a 4
1) Simplifying algebraic expressions
2) Fractions
3) Solving algebraic equations
4) Inequalities
5) indices
6) changing the subject of the formula
 Main Points

1)Subject appears ONCE

2)Subject appears TWICE

3) New Subject raised to a power

Subject appears once
s is the Subject
s d To make t the Subject
t
Multiply by t ts  d
d
Divide by s t
s
 Subject appears once
1 2 v is the Subject
v  r h
3 To make h the Subject

Multiply by 3 3v  r 2 h
3v
r 2
Divide by
2
 h
r
3v
Subject to LEFT h 2
r
 Subject appears once
1 2 v is the Subject
v  r h
3 To make r the Subject

Multiply by 3 3v  r 2 h
3v 2
Divide by h r
h
3v 3v
Square root r r
h h
 Subject appears twice
tyx  t  7 x To make x the Subject

Add 7x tyx  7 x  t

Factorise LEFT x(ty  7)  t

t
Divide by (ty+7) x
(ty  7)
 Subject appears twice
3 7
p  To make
Subject ONLY t the
ONCE Subject
t r 7t
Multiply by t tp  3  Subject NOW TWICE
r
Multiply by r tpr  3r  7t

Subtract 7t tpr  7t  3r
Factorise LEFT t ( pr  7)  3r
3r
Divide by (pr-7) t
( pr  7)
 New Subject Raised to a Power

r
y  p y is the Subject
x To make x the Subject
r
Subtract p y p
x
r
SQUARE (y  p) 2 
x
Multiply by x x( y  p)2  r
r
Divide by (y-p)² x
( y  p) 2
1) Simplifying algebraic expressions
2) Fractions
3) Solving algebraic equations
4) Inequalities
5) indices
6) changing the subject of the formula
7) absolute values
 Absolute Value:

The distance a number is from zero on the

number line.
Negative Numbers Positive Numbers
 |3| = 3
|-3| = 3
 |4| = 4
|-4| = 4
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 5.5 5.5

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

|-5.5| = 5.5
What is the |-6|?
What is the |-7.6|?

What is the |5.8|?

What is the |6|?
Define absolute value.

What is the absolute value of |-15|?

What is the absolute value of 8.75?