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1 Vectors

This document provides an overview of vectors and related concepts in 2D and 3D space. It begins by defining scalars and vectors, and describing the characteristics and properties of vectors. It then covers adding and subtracting vectors, and defines the magnitude and unit vectors. Next, it introduces vectors in 3D space and describes dot and cross products, including their properties and geometric interpretations. Finally, it discusses lines and planes in 3D space, defining them in terms of vectors and describing their relationships.

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78 views56 pages

1 Vectors

This document provides an overview of vectors and related concepts in 2D and 3D space. It begins by defining scalars and vectors, and describing the characteristics and properties of vectors. It then covers adding and subtracting vectors, and defines the magnitude and unit vectors. Next, it introduces vectors in 3D space and describes dot and cross products, including their properties and geometric interpretations. Finally, it discusses lines and planes in 3D space, defining them in terms of vectors and describing their relationships.

Uploaded by

Sam Tries Stuff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BITS Pilani

Advanced Engineering
Mathematics
- Vectors
BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad
Scope of this lecture

 Vectors in 2-Space
• Vectors in 3-Space
• Dot Product
• Cross Product
• Lines and Planes in 3-Space
• Vector Calculus

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 2-Space

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 2-Space

A scalar is a real number or quantity that has a magnitude, such as


length and temperature
A vector has both magnitude and direction and it can be
represented by a boldface symbol or a symbol under an arrow, v
or

Figure 07.1.1: Examples of vector quantities


4

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 2-Space

Characteristics of vectors
– The vector has an initial point at A and a terminal point at B
– Equal vectors have the same magnitude and direction
– Vectors are free, meaning they can be moved from one
position to another provided magnitude and direction do not
change
– The negative of a vector has the same magnitude and
opposite direction

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 2-Space

Characteristics of vectors (cont’d.)


– If is a scalar, the scalar multiple of a vector is a
vector that is times as long as
– Two vectors are parallel if they are nonzero scalar
multiples of each other

Figure 07.1.3: Parallel vectors 6

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Addition and Subtraction of 2-space
vectors

Figure 07.1.4: Vector is the sum of and


Figure 07.1.5: Vector is the difference of and
7

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 2-Space

• A vector is an ordered pair of real numbers where


and are the components of the vector
– Addition and subtraction of vectors, multiplication of
vectors by scalars, and so on, are defined in terms of
components

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 2-Space

• The component definition of a vector can be used to verify


the following properties of vectors

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 2-Space

• The magnitude, length, or norm of a vector a is denoted by

• A vector u with magnitude 1 is a unit vector


– is the normalization of a
– The unit vectors and are the standard
basis for two-dimensional vectors
where and are horizontal and vertical components
of a, respectively

10

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 3-Space

• In three dimensions, or 3-space, a rectangular coordinate


system is constructed with three mutually orthogonal axes

Figure 07.2.2: Rectangular coordinates in 3-space Figure 07.2.3: Octants


11

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 3-Space

• The distance between two points

• The coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment between


two points

12

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 3-Space

• A vector a in 3-space is any ordered triple of real numbers

13

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 3-Space

• Any vector can be expressed as a linear


combination of the unit vectors

Figure 07.2.8a: i, j, and k form a basis for R3


14

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 3-Space

Length of a is,

15

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vectors in 3-Space

16

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Dot Product

• The component of a on b

• The projection of a on b

17

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Dot Product

• In 2-space,
• In 3-space,

• Alternative form of the dot product

18

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Dot Product

• Two vectors are orthogonal if


• The angle between two vectors is given by

19

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


DOT Product

20

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Cross Product

• Recall determinants

• The cross product of two vectors is given by

21

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Cross Product

22

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Cross Product

23

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Cross Product

24

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Cross Product

25

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Cross Product

26

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Lines and Planes in 3-Space

27

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Lines and Planes in 3-Space

28

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Lines and Planes in 3-Space

29

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Lines and Planes in 3-Space

30

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Lines and Planes in 3-Space

31

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Lines and Planes in 3-Space

34

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Home work

35

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

Vector Calculus
Vector Function (Motivation)

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Vector and Scalar Field

x
Scalar field( e.g
Temperature)

Vector
x field( e.g
Velocity)
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Partial Derivatives

If the partial derivative with respect to x is

and with respect to y is

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Partial derivative example

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Level Curves

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Gradient

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Gradient

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Gradient

Notice Gradient vectors are perpendicular to


the level curves!!

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Directional Derivative

Gradient of a function is

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Directional Derivative line

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Directional Derivative line

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Directional Derivative

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Divergence of a Vector field

If is a differentiable vector function of cartesian coordinates, then


divergence of the vector function v, is defined by,

Ex: If

It signifies the outflow minus inflow of a physical quantity. If is the


velocity field, then means the flow is incompressible.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Divergence

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Curl

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Curl of a Vector field

If is a differentiable vector function of cartesian coordinates,


then curl of the vector function v, is defined by,

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Curl of a Vector field

Ex: If

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Tangent Plane and Normal Lines

The normal line to a surface at P is

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Tangent Plane and Normal Lines

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Tangent Plane and Normal Lines

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Tangent Plane and Normal Lines

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Normal Lines

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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