Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
MARVELYN D. IGNACIO
Kohlberg’s theory proposes that there are
three levels of moral development, with
each level split into two stages.
Kohlberg suggested that people move
through these stages in a fixed order and
that moral understanding is linked to
cognitive development.
THREE LEVELS OF MORAL REASONING
Post-Conventional
Conventional
Pre-Conventional
By using children’s responses to a series of
moral dilemmas, Kohlberg established that
the reasoning behind the decision was a
greater indication of moral development
than the actual answer.
Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget’s (1932) theory
of moral development in principle but wanted to develop his
ideas further.
He used Piaget’s storytelling technique to tell people stories
involving moral dilemmas. In each case, he presented a choice
to be considered, for example, between the rights of some
authority and the needs of some deserving individual unfairly
treated.
One of the best-known of Kohlberg’s (1958) stories concerns a
man called Heinz who lived somewhere in Europe.
Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type of
cancer. Doctors said a new drug might save her. The
drug had been discovered by a local chemist, and
then Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the
chemist was charging ten times the money it cost to
make the drug, and this was much more than Heinz
could afford. Heinz could only raise half the money,
even after help from family and friends. He
explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and
asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the
rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying
that he had discovered the drug and was going to
make money from it. The husband was desperate to
save his wife, so later that night he broke into the
chemist’s and stole the drug.
Kohlberg asked a series of questions such as:
1. Should Heinz have stolen the drug?
2. Would it change anything if Heinz did not love his wife?
3. What if the person dying was a stranger, would it make any difference?
4. Should the police arrest the chemist for murder if the woman dies? By studying the
answers from children of different ages to these questions, Kohlberg hoped to discover
how moral reasoning changed as people grew older.
The sample comprised 72 Chicago boys aged 10–16 years, 58 of whom were followed up at
three yearly intervals for 20 years (Kohlberg, 1984). Each boy was given a 2-hour interview
based on the ten dilemmas. What Kohlberg was mainly interested in was not whether the
boys judged the action right or wrong, but the reasons given for the decision. He found that
these reasons tended to change as the children got older. Kohlberg identified three levels of
moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Each level has two
sub-stages. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. Each new stage
replaces the reasoning typical of the earlier stage.
Level 1 – Preconventional Morality
Preconventional morality is the first stage of moral development and lasts
until approximately age 9. At the preconventional level, children don’t have
a personal code of morality. Instead, moral decisions are shaped by the
standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their
rules.
For example, if an action leads to punishment, it must be bad, and if it leads
to a reward, it must be good.
Authority is outside the individual, and children often make moral decisions
based on the physical consequences of actions.
There is no internalization of moral values.
Level 1 – Preconventional Morality
• Obedience and Punishment Orientation

• The child/individual is good to avoid being punished.
Stage 1 If a person is punished, they must have done wrong.
• Instrumental Orientation
• Right behavior is defined by whatever the individual
believes to be in his/her best interest. “what’s in it for
Stage 2 me”
Level 2 – Conventional
Conventional morality is the second stage of moral development, and is
characterized by an acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong.
At the conventional level (most adolescents and adults), we begin to
internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models.
Authority is internalized but not questioned, and reasoning is based on the
norms of the group to which the person belongs. A social system that
stresses the responsibilities of relationships as well as social order is seen as
desirable and must, therefore, influence our view of what is right and wrong.
Level 2 – Conventional
• Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation
• The child/individual is good in order to be seen as
being a good person by others. Therefore, answers
Stage 3 relate to the approval of others.
• Law and Order Orientation

• The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of
society, so judgments concern obeying the rules to uphold the
Stage 4 law and avoid guilt.
Level 3 – Postconventional Morality
Postconventional morality is the third stage of moral development and is
characterized by an individual’s understanding of universal ethical
principles.
These are abstract and ill-defined but might include: the preservation of life
at all costs and the importance of human dignity.
Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles, and moral
reasoning is based on individual rights and justice.
Most people take their moral views from those around them, and only a
minority think through ethical principles for themselves.
Level 3 – Postconventional Morality
• Social Contract Orientation
• The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws
might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times
Stage 5 when they will work against the interest of particular
individuals.
• Universal, Ethical, Principle Orientation

• People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines,
which may or may not fit the law. They have developed moral judgments
Stage 6 that are based on universal human rights. The principles apply to everyone.

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KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF

• Obedience and Punishment Orientation

• Law and Order Orientation

• Universal, Ethical, Principle Orientation

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