APPLICATION OF GROUP THEORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Group
Group theory
Properties of group theory
Classes of group theory
Branches of group theory
Application of group theory
Conclusion
References
GROUPP
• A group is a collection of elements or objects that are consolidated together to pe
• A non-empty set G with * as operation, (G, *) is called a group if it follows the closure,
associativity, identity, and inverse properties. rform some operation on them.
• A group is a monoid with an inverse element. The inverse element (denoted by I) of a set S
is an element such that (aοI)=(Iοa)=a, for each element a∈S.
GROUP THEORY
• Group theory is the study of a set of elements present in a group, in Maths. A group’s
concept is fundamental to abstract algebra. Other familiar algebraic structures namely rings,
fields, and vector spaces can be recognized as groups provided with additional operations
and axioms. The concepts and hypotheses of Groups repeat throughout mathematics. Also,
the rules of group theory have influenced several components of algebra. Also, we have an
important theorem called the Lagrange theorem in group theory of mathematics.
• For instance: A group of integers which are performed under multiplication operation.
Geometric group theory in the branch of Mathematics is basically the study of groups that
are finitely produced with the use of the research of the relationships between the algebraic
properties of these groups and also topological and geometric properties of the spaces.
PROPERTIES OF GROUP THEORY
• Suppose Dot(.) is an operation and G is the group, then the axioms of group theory are
defined as;
• Closure: If ‘x’ and ‘y’ are two elements in a group, G, then x.y will also come into G.
• Associativity: If ‘x’, ‘y’ and ‘z’ are in group G, then x . (y . z) = (x . y) . z.
• Invertibility: For every ‘x’ in G, there exists some ‘y’ in G, such that; x. y = y . x.
• Identity: For any element ‘x’ in G, there exists an element ‘I’ in G, such that: x. I = I . x,
where ‘I’ is called the identity element of G.
CLASSES OF GROUP THEORY
• Permutation groups: Permutation groups are mathematical groups whose elements are
permutations of a given set S whose group operation is a composition of permutations in G.
• Matrix groups: Matrix group is a group G of invertible matrices with matrix multiplication
as the group operation over a defined field K.
• Transformation groups: Transformation group refers to the subgroup of an automorphism
group. It is like a symmetry group in that it consists of all transformations that retain a
specific structure.
• Abstract groups: Abstract groups are the presentation of generators and relations. The
production of factor group or quotient group, G/H of a group G by normal subgroup H is an
example of abstract groups.
BRANCHES OF GROUP THEORY
• Finite group theory.
• Representation of groups.
• Lie theory.
• Combinatorics and Geometric group theory.
APPLICATION OF GROUP THEORY
• Group theory algorithms are used to solve Rubik’s cube.
• Many laws of Physics, Chemistry use symmetry and hence, uses group theory as it is
symmetric.
• Group theory may be used to investigate any object or system attribute that is invariant
under change because of its symmetry.
• Group theory is also used in harmonic analysis, combinatorics, algebraic topology, algebraic
number theory, algebraic geometry, and cryptography.
CONCLUSION
• Group theory, in modern algebra, the study of groups, which are systems consisting of a set of
elements and a binary operation that can be applied to two elements of the set, which together
satisfy certain axioms. These require that the group be closed under the operation (the combination
of any two elements produces another element of the group), that it obey the associative law, that it
contain an identity element (which, combined with any other element, leaves the latter unchanged),
and that each element have an inverse (which combines with an element to produce the identity
element). If the group also satisfies the commutative law, it is called a commutative, or abelian,
group. The set of integers under addition, where the identity element is 0 and the inverse is the
negative of a positive number or vice versa, is an abelian group. Groups are vital to modern
algebra; their basic structure can be found in many mathematical phenomena. Groups can be found
in geometry, representing phenomena such as symmetry and certain types of transformations.
Group theory has applications in physics, chemistry, and computer science, and even puzzles like
Rubik’s Cube can be represented using group theory.
REFERENCES
• https://byjus.com/maths/group-theory/
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/applications-of-group-theory//applications-of-group-theory/
