Universiti Teknologi MARA

Terengganu

CHE263: Material and Energy

Balance

LECTURE 17

Energy Balances on
Open Systems
Steady-State Open System Energy Balance

The general balance equation for an open system (i.e., continuous

process) at steady-state is:
Input = Output

m in ( KE in , PE in ,U in ) m out ( PE out , PE out ,U out )

Q W

energy input  U in  KE in  PE in

energy output  U out  KE out  PE out

energy transferred  Q  (W s  W fl )

H  KE  PE  Q  W s

CHE 271 Lecture 16 2

 Steady-State Open System Energy Balance

H  KE  PE  Q  W s 1st Law of Thermodynamics for an

Open System at Steady-State
( = output – input)
Single Input Single Output (SISO)
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
H  m 2 h2  m 1 h1
H   m h j j   m h j j
 m (h2  h1 ) output
streams
input
streams

  2
K E  m v / 2  m v / 2 2
2 2 1 1
KE   m v 2
/2  m v 2
/2
m 2 j j j j

 (v2  v12 ) output

streams
input
streams
2
PE  m 2 gz 2  m 1 gz 1 PE   m gz j j   m gz j j
output input
 m g ( z 2  z1 ) streams streams

CHE 271 Lecture 16 3

Notes on Energy Balances for an Open System

H  KE  PE  Q  W s

Possible Simplifications:
 if Tsystem = Tsurroundings, then Q = 0 since no heat is being transferred due
to temperature difference
 if the system is perfectly insulated, then Q = 0 (system is adiabatic)
since no heat is being transferred between the system and the
surroundings
 if energy is not transferred across the boundary by a moving part

(e.g., piston, impeller, rotor), then Ws  0
 if inflow and outflow streams are of the same velocity, then KE  0

 if there is no large vertical distance between the inlets and outlets of

a system, then PE  0
 if system is at constant temperature (system is isothermal), no phase
changes or chemical reactions  are taking place, and only minimal
pressure changes, then H  0
CHE 271 Lecture 16 4
Problem 7.18 F&R

Define a system and simplify the open-system energy balance for each of
the following cases. State when possible whether nonzero heat and shaft
work terms are positive or negative.

(a) Steam enters a rotary turbine and turns a shaft connected to a

generator. The inlet and outlet steam ports are at the same height.
Some energy is transferred to the surroundings as heat.

(b) A liquid stream flows through a heat exchanger in which it is heated

from 25C to 80C. The inlet and outlet pipes have the same
diameter, and there is no change in elevation between these points.

(c) A chemical reaction takes place in a continuous reactor that contains

no moving parts. Kinetic and potential energy changes from the inlet to
outlet are negligible.

CHE 271 Lecture 16 5

Problem 7.18 F&R Cont’d

(d) Water passes through the sluice gate of dam and falls on a turbine
rotor, which turns a shaft connected to a generator. The fluid
velocity on both sides of the dam is negligible, and the water
undergoes insignificant pressure and temperature changes
between the inlet and outlet.

(e) Crude oil is pumped through a cross-country pipeline. The pipe

inlet is 200 m higher than the outlet, the pipe diameter is constant,
and the pump is located near the midpoint of the pipeline. Energy
dissipated by friction in the line is transferred as heat through the
wall.

CHE 271 Lecture 16 6

 Steady flow engineering devices

Mixing Chamber – a device where two or more process

streams merges into a single stream

Input Stream 1

m1 , h1
Output Stream 3

m3 , h3
Input Stream 2
H  KE  PE  Q  W s

m 2 , h2
0 0 0 0
  
 H   
 j h j   m
m  j hj
m1  m 2  m3 m3 h3 output
(m1 h1  m 2 hinput
2)  0
streams streams
CHE 271 Lecture 16 7
Steady flow engineering devices
• Heat Exchanger- A device where hot fluid and cold fluid exchanges
heat such as condenser and boiler.
(4) Hot fluid B OUT

m 4 , h4
(1) Hot fluid A IN

m1 , h1

(2) Cold fluid A OUT


m 2 , h2

(3) Cold fluid B IN


m3 , h3

CHE 271 Lecture 16 8

 Heat Exchanger

• Overall system- no heat transfer

H  KE  PE  Q  W s

0 0 0 0

 H
m 4 h4 m m
 
h1 
 h j 1 mm  hj 0

2 h2  j( m 3 h3j ) 
output input
streams streams
   
m 2  m1  mFluidA m3  m 4  mFluidB
 
m FluidB (h4  h3 )  m FluidA (h2  h1 )  0

CHE 271 Lecture 16 14

 Heat Exchanger

• Tube subsystem

H  KE  PE  Q  W s

0 0 0
   
m 2 h2  m1 h1  Q Q
(1) Hot fluid A IN

m1 , h1
(2) Cold fluid A OUT


 
m 2 , h2
m FluidA (h2  h1 )  Q
CHE 271 Lecture 16 15
Steady flow engineering devices

• Turbine- A device where a fluid (steam) expands and produce work

output by rotating turbine blades

CHE 271 Lecture 16 16

Turbine Generator
Turbine Blade
Steady flow engineering devices

• Turbine- A device where a fluid (steam) expands and produce work

output by rotating turbine blades

Steam/Gas at

high P
Ws
Turbine

Steam/Gas at
low P

H  KE  PE  Q  W s

CHE 271 Lecture 16 21

Example

Five hundred kilograms per hour of steam drives a turbine. The steam
enters the turbine at 44 atm and 450C at a linear velocity of 60 m/s
and leaves at a point 5 m below the turbine inlet at atmospheric
pressure and a velocity of 360 m/s. The turbine delivers shaft work at
a rate of 70 kW, and the heat loss from the turbine is estimated to be
104 kcal/h. Calculate the specific enthalpy change associated with the
process.

CHE 271 Lecture 16 22

Summary on Energy Balances

The First Law of Thermodynamics for a closed (i.e. batch) system is:
U  KE  PE  Q  W

and the First Law of Thermodynamics for an open system at steady-

state (i.e., continuous) system is:
H  KE  PE  Q  W s

 Changes in kinetic and potential energy can be calculated (usually

small for chemical systems)
 Heat and work input is given in the problem (or is what you must
solve for)
 The major task is calculating changes in U or H:
– Ch 7: Using tabulated values (steam tables)
– Ch 8: Calculate as function of phase and T
– Ch 9: Energy balances with reaction
CHE 271 Lecture 16 23
 Steam Tables
•Tables located in the back of F&R can be used to estimate U and
H for liquid water and steam (water vapour) at any specified
temperature and pressure.
•Recall the phase diagram for water:

Vapour-liquid
equilibrium (VLE)
curve or saturation
line – water may
Subcooled liquid
exist as saturated
water, saturated
steam (vapour) or
mixture of both.
superheated steam

CHEE 221 Lecture 23 24

 Steam Tables

Saturated Steam Tables: data taken along

the VLE curve or saturation line
 Table B.5 – properties of saturated water
and saturated steam as a function of
temperature from 0.01C (triple point) to
102C
 Table B.6 – properties of saturated water
and saturated steam as a function of
pressure (same data as Table B.5 but
over a much larger range of
temperatures and pressures)
CHEE 221 Lecture 23 25
 Steam Tables

• Superheated Steam Table: data taken

from points below the VLE curve or
saturation line – vapour heated above its
saturation temperature

 Table B.7: properties of superheated

steam table at any temperature and
pressure – includes data for liquid water
(data in the enclosed region), and
saturated water and saturated steam

CHEE 221 Lecture 23 26

Example

•Steam at 10 bar absolute and 200C is

fed to a turbine at a rate of 2000 kg/h.
The turbine operation is adiabatic, and
the effluent is saturated steam at 1 bar.
Calculate the work output of the turbine in
kilowatts, neglecting kinetic and potential
energy changes.

CHEE 221 Lecture 23 27

 Notes on the Steam Tables
 Reference state for the tabulated thermodynamic data in the
steam tables is liquid water at the triple point (0.01C and
0.00611 bar) [triple point is where all three phases of water can
coexist]
kJ kJ
h and h
 Units are on a mass basis: kg kg

 Heat of vapourization (evaporation) is the difference between

vapour and liquid enthalpies

 Properties of liquid water are not a strong function of pressure

since h  u
at constant temperature, therefore
 0

 Volumetric properties of steam are tabulated. Don’t use the

ideal gas law.
h( P, T )  u  P
 Remember:
CHE 201 Lecture 23 28
Steam Tables – Interpolation

 Sometimes you need to an estimate of specific enthalpy, specific

internal energy or specific volume at a temperature and pressure
that is between tabulated values

 Use linear interpolation:

x  x1
y  y1  ( y 2  y1 )
x2  x1

use this equation to

estimate y for an x
between x1 and x2

CHE 201 Lecture 23 29

Example

• 1. Determine the vapour pressure, specific internal energy, and

specific enthalpy of saturated steam at 133.5C.

2. Show that water at 400C and 10 bar is superheated steam and

determine its specific volume, specific internal energy, and specific
enthalpy relative to liquid water at the triple point, and its dew point.

3. Show Û and Ĥ for superheated steam depend strongly on

temperature and relatively slightly on pressure.

CHE 201 Lecture 23 30

Example

•Steam at 10 bar absolute with 190C of superheat is fed to a turbine at

a rate of 2000 kg/h. The turbine operation is adiabatic, and the effluent
is saturated steam at 1 bar. Calculate the work output of the turbine in
kilowatts, neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes.

CHE 201 Lecture 23 31