SUBJECT-MATHEMATICS

CLASS-XII

TOPIC :
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
PDF CHAPTER LINK
 WHY TO READ DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ?
Weather Financial Water
and climatic markets pollution
Traffic
prediction Law
Chemical
reactions Planetary
Spread of
Disease motion

Differential Equation
Rate of help to understand
Change

Suspension
porridges
Radioactive
decay Brain
function
Tumor Airflow across Electrical Rockets
growth A circuits
Planes wing
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Students will know :

• WHAT IS A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

• INVENTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
• ORDER AND DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
• FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
• ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST DEGREE &FIRST
ORDER.
• SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
 Variable Separable .
 Homogenous Equations.
 Linear Equations
 INTRODUCTION
What is an Equation : It is a mathematical statement which
involves variable(s), constant and an equality sign.
P(x) =0, where P(x) is a polynomial is called a polynomial
equation.
Similarly any equation involving one or more trigonometric
functions is called trigonometric equation.
For example: sin x + cos x =1.
In the same way we can easily define a differential equation.
An equation involving derivative (s) of the dependent variable
(s) with respect to independent variable(s) is called a
differential equation.
 WHY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ?
• Calculus, the science of rate of change, was invented by Newton in the
investigation of natural phenomena.

• Many other types of systems can be modelled by writing down an equation

for the rate of change of phenomena:

 bandwidth utilisation in TCP networks.

 acceleration of car.
 population increase.
 chemical change of some kind.
 locus of a football.

• All of the above behaviour can be captured by very simple differential

equation.
 HISTORY OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Origin of Differential equation.

• Who invented the idea.

• Background idea.
 ORIGIN OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
• In mathematics history of differential
equations traces the development of
differential equations form calculus,
itself. Independently invented by
English physicist Isaac Newton and
German mathematician Gottfried
Leibniz.

• The history of the subject of

differential equations in concise form
a synopsis of the recent article “The
History of differential Equations 1670-
1950’’.
 ORDER OF THE DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

Order of the differential equation is the order of the

highest order derivative occurring in the differential
equation.
DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The degree of a differential equation is defined if

it is a polynomial equation in its derivative.
Degree (when defined)of a differential equation
is the highest power of the highest order
derivative in it.
NOTE: Order and degree(if defined) of a
differential equation are always positive
integers
Find degree and order of the Following differential equations

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
 FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
The family of straight Y
lines represented by :

y = mx y  mx
 m = tan
dy dy y X
 =m   O
dx dx x
dy
x y
dx

Is a differential equation.
 FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Assume the family of curves represented by :
y = Acos x +B  … (i) •Similarly, by eliminating three
arbitrary constants, a differential
where A and B are arbitrary constants. . equation of third order is
dy obtained.
   A sin  x  B  ... ii 
dx
[Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x]
•Generally eliminating n
arbitrary constants, a differential
d2 y equation of nth order is obtained
and 2
  A cos  x  B 
dx
[Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x]

d2 y d2 y
  y [Using (i)] 
2
+y=0
2 dx
dx
is a differential equation of second order
 SOLVING
• We solve it when we discover the function y (or set
of functions y).

• There are many "tricks" to solving Differential

Equations (if they can be solved!), but first: why?
SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The solution of a differential equation is the relation between

the variables, not taking the differential coefficients, satisfying
the given differential equation and containing as many
arbitrary constants as its order is.

For example: y = Acosx - Bsinx

d2 y
+ 4y = 0
2
dx

is a solution of the differential equation

 GENERAL SOLUTION
If the solution of a differential equation of nth order contains
n arbitrary constants, the solution is called the general
solution.

y = Acosx - Bsinx

is the general solution of the d2 y

+y =0
differential equation dx2
y  B sin x

is not the general solution as it contains

one arbitrary constant.
 PARTICULAR SOLUTION
A solution obtained by giving particular values to the
arbitrary constants in general solution is called particular
solution.

y  3 cos x  2 sin x

d2 y
+ y = 0.
2
dx

is a particular solution of the differential

equation .
SOLUTION OF FIRST ORDER AND
FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
1.VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM.
2.HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS.
3.LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
 VARIABLE SEPARABLE
The first order differential equation,

is called separable provided that f(x,y) can be written as

the product of a function of x and a function of y.

Suppose we can write the above equation as :

We then say we have “separated” the variable, By taking

h(y) to the LHS, the equation becomes.
On Integrating, we get the solution as :

Where C is an arbitrary constant.

HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
A differential equation of the form dy/dx
=F(x , y) is said to be homogeneous if F(x , y) is
a homogeneous function of degree zero
EXAMPLE
 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION
Q.
Ans.

(1 mark)

(1 mark)
(1 ½ mark)

(1 ½ mark)
 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION
QUESTION:

1
 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A differential equation is linear if the dependent
variable and its derivative appear only in 1st
degree.

a) A first order linear differential equation is

dy
dx + Py = Q
Where P and Q are constants or functions of x only .

b) Another form dx + R x = S
dy
Where R and S are constants or function of y only .
EXAMPLE
The solution of differential equation

(a) X (y + COS x ) = sin x + C (b) X (y – COS x ) = sin x + C

(C) Xy COS x = Sin x + C (d) X (y + cos x) = cos x + C
Sol. (a) Given differential equation is

Which is linear differential equation.

Here
. log x
. . IF = e =e = x
The general solution is Y.X = x.sin x dx +C
Take I = x sin x dx
- x cos x - - cos x dx
= -x cos x + sin x
Put the value of / in (i), we get
xy= - x cos x + sin x + c
x ( y + cos x ) = sin x + c
 CBSE QUESTION WITH MARKING SCHEME
Solve: (1+x2) dy/dx+2xy=1/ (1+x2)

Ans:
[1]

[1]

[1]

[1/2]

[1/2]
HOMEWORK
(i) The degree of the differential equation is ……….
2
(ii) The degree of the differential equation = x is ………

(iii) The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a

differential equation of order three is …………..

(iv) is an equation of the type …………..

(v) General solution of the differential equation of

the type is given by …………..
(vi) The solution of the differential equation

is ……………

(vii) The solution of

is ……………..
 APPLICATION QUESTION
Ex:
CONDENSED OUTLINE : DIFFERNTIAL EQUATION

Derivative Equation
Differential Equation
Invented By
• Sir Isaac Newton
• Gottfried Leibniz

Order of Diff. Equation Degree of Diff. Equation Solution

The function which
Higher order of Power of highest order
satisfies the diif. Equation
derivative in equation derivative is called solution

General Solution Particular Solution

Variable Separation

Homogeneous Method to find solution

1st order linear equation
Extends its help

Weather &
Spread of Financial Population
Climate Traffic Law
Corona Virus Market Growth
Prediction
THANK
YOU