Industrial/Commercial Plant

Cordero, Jon Erik T.

Andrew Ray Infante
Shannon Salvador
 Building Management
• is a particular economic activity, a set of property maintenance, operation,
repair and maintenance.
• keeping a building in a condition in which it continues to fulfill its
purpose and making sure it presents an attractive exterior are also
important factors made possible through proper building management.
• is often related to the innovative strategy and future sustainability.
 Building Management System (BMS)

• are intelligent microprocessor based controller networks installed to

monitor and control a buildings technical systems and services such as air
conditioning, lighting.
• They link the functionality of individual pieces of building equipment so
that they operate as one complete integrated system.
 What Does a Building Management System Do?

• The role of the BMS in day to day building operation

• primary function of the BMS is the control of a buildings or Plant Heating,
Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems (HVAC) including:
• Chilled Water Plant
• Cooling Towers
• Heating Water Plant
• Exhaust Systems
• Computer Room AC
• Building Control Applications
• Zone temperature monitoring and control
• Zone Variable Air Volume (VAV) control to zones
• Zone CO2 monitoring and control (Air Quality)
• Air handling unit supply air temperature control
• Air handling unit supply air flow / pressure control
• Main Plant Chiller and Boiler sequencing
 Measuring and Monitoring
building performance
• Operator interfaces in including Graphical User
Interface (GUI) for monitoring and adjustments.
• Trend data is important when determining the stability
of control algorithms and when tuning the system.
• Equipment alarm and fault notification, reduces down
time and consequential impact.
 Benefits of Having a Building Management System

• Advantages of Building Management System

• Reduced installation costs
• Flexibility and ease of change
• Customized control strategies
• Operator interaction, feedback and control
• Energy Management and Reduce Operational Costs
• Optimal start and stop of plant
• Building warm up and cool down cycles
• Automatic Seasonal plant sequence selection
• Seasonal temperature setting adjustments
• Equipment runtime monitoring
• Disadvantages of Building Management System
• Building management systems are expensive, sometimes costing hundreds of
thousands of dollars at the outset in addition to high recurring fees to keep it
operational.
• The limitations in the data it provides won’t help you achieve maximum energy
savings and operational efficiency.
• It may be missing some of the smaller equipment that also offers opportunities for
savings.
• Many BMS devices are vulnerable and accessible from the Internet. There are lot of
control systems exposed to the Internet that allow easy access via a web browser.
 Operational Considerations
• System Maintenance
• The BMS should be maintained with an appropriate level of servicing as with any
software driven system, data and files should be backed up on a regular basis.
• Critical components should be identified and checked at regular intervals.
• Maintenance should be approached as the performance of the controlled system not
individual components.
 Conclusion
• A Building Management System (BMS) offers greater visibility and
control of energy use. A fully integrated solution can have up to 84% of a
building’s energy consuming devices directly under its control. The data it
produces allows facilities managers to better analyze, understand,
reconfigure and improve their site’s energy usage and costs, by having
them presented in an organized and informative way.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
 ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Enterprises appointed energy managers

to combat the significant rise in energy prices
It is the set of management processes that occurred in those periods and over time a
and tools to manage energy demand within Many cost-effective energy efficiency
management approach and discipline was
enterprises, i.e. managing the process of technologies exist across all industries –
improving energy efficiency, managing energy defined and codified. Improving the energy
applying them requires management.
costs and managing energy risks. performance of any particular industrial
process (or building) involves technical issues
but is really a management problem.
 RECOMMENDED FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 Use consistent and simple language

 Involve the whole firm, not just engineering or technical departments
 Allocate clear responsibilities and resources
 Create a culture in which established assumptions can be challenged
 Integrate energy management into daily operations
 Use appropriate performance measurements and feedback loops
 Integrate energy efficiency into life cycle decisions about new plant and
equipment
 Aim for continual improvement
 Set stretched but achievable objectives with periodic reviews.
 • Improving energy efficiency in industrial facilities
needs to be done within the context of an energy
management system (EnMS).
A STRUCTURED
APPROACH TO • Energy management systems are purely management
ENERGY systems and should be distinguished from electronic
MANAGEMENT based Building Management Systems (BMS) or similar
control technologies. Within any EnMS in an existing
plant, the best way to maximize the quantity of energy
savings and minimizing investment cost is to follow a
five-stage process based on the energy maturity matrix
 ENERGY
MATURITY
MODEL
 GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

The first step is to prioritize housekeeping opportunities.

Frequently, the opportunities that cost little or nothing include:
• implementing good maintenance
• turning things off when they are not needed
• reinstating and improving insulation and air leakage
• reducing waste, leaks, idle time, production rate losses
• turning off taps and hoses when not needed
The benefit from steadfast and zero tolerance in good
housekeeping is a reduction of energy consumption and this can
reduce the size and capital investment of subsequent energy-
saving opportunities.
 GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

Many housekeeping opportunities exist in the operation of

industrial plants. Energy losses can present themselves as:
pressure loss (drop), heat loss or gain, process waste such as
blow-down, vent, drain, samples, reject, exhaust, fluid loss
(leaks), friction or slippage, simultaneous heating/cooling,
electrical losses, and using more than necessary for the
application.
1.) Ensure ample time for good quality maintenance to be carried out
and completed.
2.) For recurring plant failures, ensure that the root causes are identified
and/or the issue designed out.
3.) Ensure that all equipment is installed correctly as described in the
user manual and as designed.
4.) Ensure that all equipment is sized to match actual demand with
THE EIGHT FOC US
minimal excess capacity. AR EAS R ELEVANT TO
5.) As far as practicable, verify that all equipment can be turned off
OPERATIONAL AND
safely when not required. MAINTENANCE
M ATTERS AR E:
6.) When there is a choice of machines, operate the machine that meets
the demand at the highest energy efficiency. This ties in with awareness
of the minimum, normal and maximum operating conditions.
7.) As far as possible, minimize idle time.
8.)Ensure all insulation is in good condition and draughts are eliminated.
 Embedding good housekeeping within
organizations requires involving employees at all
levels. This means raising awareness and working to
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
engage all staff. Effective energy management systems
are not just technical programmes run by a few
specialized personnel.
 The introduction and tightening of the
control systems of existing processes and utilities
THE USE OF can further dampen variation in energy
CONTROL consumption and allow a process to operate

SYSTEMS closer to its designed control limits. Some small

investment may be necessary to repair, reinstate,
replace and/or introduce new control parameters.
 There are many examples falling into the control
systems category, including:
• introducing temperature control limits in air
conditioning systems
• matching the most efficient machine with
actual demand
THE USE OF • using preventive maintenance and condition
CONTROL monitoring to predict and prevent equipment
failures
SYSTEMS • improving the consistency of water chemistry
• reducing excess flows
• increasing cycles of concentration
• reducing blow down
• using variable speed drives
• utilizing control loop tuning
• monitoring the performance of key plant
items.
 Housekeeping and control system

THE USE OF improvements are normally carried out at

CONTROL individual equipment and machinery levels. The

next level of complexity involves looking at
SYSTEMS energy savings from a unit operations or systems
perspective.
 THE NEED FOR SYSTEMS
THINKING

Energy use, particularly in industrial sectors, occurs in systems in

which several energy using components are interconnected, via pipes
and electric cables, in a coherently organized way.
Applying systems thinking in energy savings projects can brings
about large savings. Studies by UNIDO, US DOE (US Department of
Energy 2004b) and IEA (2007) have shown that applying systems
thinking to motor systems and steam systems can save between 10%
and 20% versus an equipment-only saving of between 2% and 5%
 THE NEED FOR SYSTEMS
THINKING

At the lower end of systems optimization are simple

modifications and/or refurbishments. Examples of simple
modifications include: using compact heat exchangers, utilizing
closed-loop systems, heat recovery, pipe work and pumps, waste heat
recovery boilers, pre-heaters and economizers, and the use of energy
efficient components in a machine such as variable speed drives to
match supply with demand.
 THE NEED FOR SYSTEMS
THINKING

Integration of energy use is a more complex form of plant

modification and retrofit but gives further energy savings. Some
example includes: recovering heat from one process to be reused in
another process, thermal pinch analysis, process intensification, de-
bottlenecking and uprating, and overall plant or site-wide optimization
to minimize overall energy consumption.
TECHNOLOGIE
S FOR ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
 1. MOTORS AND DRIVEN
SYSTEMS

Electric motors are ubiquitous throughout all industries.

They can be found on pumps, fans, compressors and drives,
and are usually part of a larger system, such as a process plant
or an air-conditioning system. There are several ways in
which major energy savings in motors and motor driven
systems can be achieved. These are described below.
• Existing motors
• Motor alignment
• Sizing of motors
• Use the most efficient motor
• Maintenance issues
• Variable Speed Drives
 A. EXISTING MOTORS

Motors should be turned off when they are not in use. Since
these motors can often be hidden away inside other equipment,
they can easily be overlooked and left running when they are not
needed, leading to unnecessary energy use and cost. An energy
audit should identify such situations and develop strategies to
remind people to switch motors off, or specify controls to enable
them to be switched off automatically when they are not required.
In examining the efficiency of an entire production system,
it may be possible to redesign a manufacturing process to
minimize the use of the motor, or to maximize its effectiveness
when it is running. For pumps in liquid, air or gaseous circulation
systems, the use of sensors that switch off a motor when a certain
level is reached can substitute for valves that control liquid or
airflow but keep the motor running at all times.
 B. MOTOR
ALIGNMENT

Pump and motor alignment

can also be a source of energy
inefficiency. A misaligned motor
and pump can lead to premature
failure. Studies have shown how
correcting a misaligned motor and
pump generated real power
savings of 2.3% (Luedeking 2015)
while losses from badly aligned
motors can be up to 9% of total
consumption (Lambley 1996).
 C. SIZING OF MOTORS

Motors and pumps, like other industrial energy plant, are

often over-sized. This leads to unnecessary financial penalties in
terms of capital costs, energy costs and cost of maintenance.
Over-sizing can be due to a number of reasons.
It may be due to equipment suppliers providing the biggest
motor or pump that meets the flow duties, thus maximizing the
capital cost of the equipment. It could be due to unavailability of
the best matched motors by the enterprise’s preferred equipment
supplier. If this is the case, a different equipment supplier or
purchasing schedule might be chosen.
 C. SIZING OF MOTORS

Another reason for over-sizing may be that designers or final

specifiers added a design safety margin over and above other
safety margins. Over-sizing can also be due to the misconception
that swapping a motor for a bigger variant will increase its
operating capacity. In practice, a motor will only consume
sufficient quantities of electricity for the pump to operate.
 D. USE THE MOST EFFICIENT
MOTOR

The fundamental efficiency of electric motors varies

significantly and therefore the motor selected can have a major
impact on energy efficiency even when correctly sized for the
task. The cost of running an electric motor over its lifetime is
hundreds if not thousands of times greater than its purchase price
When purchasing a new motor or pumping application, the
motor with the highest motor efficiency should be used. The
purchasing specification should also specify the motor efficiency
requirements. There is a view that more efficiency motors are
more expensive than an inefficient motor but this is not
necessarily the case in practice (Lovins 2007). The lifetime cost
of operating a motor should be calculated to make a valid
comparison with the capital cost. The return on the expenditure
should be rapid even if there is an additional cost for a more
efficient motor.
 D. USE THE MOST EFFICIENT
MOTOR

In general, replacing an existing motor with a higher

efficiency motor purely for energy efficiency gains (i.e. if it
wasn’t broken) would not pay for itself within the typical
expected financial payback period. However, there are exceptions
to the rule, such as when a motor is very old, very inefficient,
and/or significantly oversized. In such situations a case can be
made for replacement with the most efficient model by
combining reasons such as: renewing ageing assets, replacing
with new rather than rewinding, and resizing to a smaller motor.
 E. MAINTENANCE ISSUES

Motors should be subject to regular maintenance checks,

which include checking the alignment of pulleys, belt condition
and tension, lubrication and mountings, loose terminals, whether
the supply voltage is within the specified allowed deviation from
the motor’s nominal rated voltage.
Motors also generate significant heat and have cooling fins
to dissipate this wasted energy. Running them at a higher
temperature is inefficient and renders them more liable to failure.
It is therefore important to keep the fins clean and ventilated, and
to replace them if faulty.
 F. VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES

Variable Speed Drives (VSDs) are a way of matching power

supply to the required duty. Variable (or adjustable) speed drives
convert the incoming electrical supply, which has a fixed
frequency and voltage, into variable versions of both.
This allows the motor speed to be varied from zero to its
maximum rated speed, so it can match the actual power demand
of the load. Correctly designed VSD systems can reduce energy
consumption between 20% and 70% (ABB 2009). Retrofitting
VSDs can, depending on the circumstances, have a payback
period of less than 1 year
 2. STEAM SYSTEMS

In industry, systems that provide process heat can be either

direct-fired, steam based, or hot water based. The choice is
primarily dictated by the nature of the manufacturing process
and the prevalent engineering custom and practice within the
industry. In general, high-temperature applications such as
steel, cement, ceramic, certain chemical processes and selected
heat treatment processes are direct-fired. General energy-saving
opportunities in direct-fired applications include:
• better control of the process
• ensuring that processes are not running for longer than
necessary to achieve the desired effect
• maximizing the utilization of the heat
• recovering energy from the exhaust gases
• reducing the amount of energy lost to the environment.
 A. MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF
HEAT TRANSFORMATIONS

Steam is generated in a boiler where the energy content of fossil fuel

is converted into heat, which in turn is used to convert water into steam.
At the present time, the thermal efficiency of a newly designed and built
boiler is between 80% and 85% on a gross calorific value (GCV) basis
(also known as higher heating value). Between 15% and 20% of the
energy contained in the fuel escapes up the chimney (stack).
According to the law of thermodynamics, every time energy is
transformed from one form to another, some energy is lost. In industry,
especially in the low-temperature applications, steam is often used to
generate hot water.
 A. MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF
HEAT TRANSFORMATIONS

In some industry, for example the food industry, the hot water is
often used to generate lower-temperature hot water. In such applications,
the overall thermal efficiency becomes even lower.
The best way to save energy is to avoid transforming energy
unnecessarily. Direct-fired equipment uses only one conversion process
and if hot water is required it can be generated directly rather than via
steam. Opportunities to minimize the number of heat transfer processes
should be identified and explored. Although not always the case, it may
transpire that it is cost-prohibitive to convert existing plant from steam-
operation into hot water-operation due to the cost of new pipe networks
for hot water. In such cases the idea and concept should be retained for
future plant modification and/or new builds.
 B. PREHEAT WATER AND AIR

In a steam boiler, between 80% and 85% of the fuel energy

is utilized to transform water into steam with 15% to 20% of the
energy in the burnt fuel lost through the chimney. Depending on
the fuel type, boiler construction, and controls, the hot exhaust
gas from the boiler can be over 180°C. This hot exhaust can be
utilized to pre-heat the boiler feed water, pre-heat the combustion
air or both. Boiler feed water can be pre-heated in an economizer
from 80°C – 95°C before going into the boiler at 150°C – 160°C.
Economizers are a mature and well-known technology and can
save between 3% and 7% of fuel burn. There, any many types of
economizers. Some can be integrated into the boiler while others
are external to the boiler.
 B. PREHEAT WATER AND AIR

Opportunities to recover heat from boiler exhaust should be

maximized. In some installations, it may be physically impossible
to retrofit the boiler chimney or to add an economizer, as when
the boiler plant is fully surrounded by other processing plant and
there is no available space to add any additional equipment. In
practice, this is an exception rather than the norm.
 C. INSULATION

Any equipment that has a hotter surface than the ambient

temperature will lose heat. The addition of insulation to exposed
pipework and pipe fittings reduces the rate of heat loss. The use
of insulation in industry is a common practice. There are many
different types of insulation materials, in bespoke shapes to fit
various vessels, pipe fittings such as valves, and pipe bends.
Insulation can be a fixed installation or made in removable
sections to allow quick access for maintenance and inspection.
 C. INSULATION

Ecofys and the European Industrial Insulation Foundation

(2012) estimate that the application of insulation has the potential
to reduce fuel consumption in European industries by 14.8 mtoe
per year. The global macro-economic benefits of insulation are
difficult to estimate due to the significant number of variables
involved.
The energy savings that may be achieved increases with pipe
or vessel surface temperature and surface area. If the installation
is located outside then wind, temperature and moisture also
influence the potential savings. As a guide, all surfaces above
60°C should be insulated and paybacks will be rapid.
 D. USE ENERGY EFFICIENT
HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGNS

Apart from direct-fired systems, all forms of heat are

transferred from a high-temperature fluid to a lower-temperature
fluid inside a heat exchanger.
For low-pressure applications (typically less than 5 bar),
there are more energy-efficient heat exchanger designs that have
a smaller physical footprint and lower pressure drops (and are
thus able to operate at a lower pumping pressure). In this
category are plate heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers and fin
heat exchangers. In general, these energy-efficient heat
exchangers are able to transfer more heat (95% versus 80% in
shell and tube designs) and are able to operate at lower pump
pressure, thus also saving electricity consumption for pumping.
 D. USE ENERGY EFFICIENT
HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGNS

At higher pressure applications and in certain applications

using corrosive substances, the use of energy-efficient heat
exchangers may be limited. Options to improve energy efficiency
for conventional shell and tube heat exchangers are available.
These include replacing the internal tube bundles with alternative
designs such as twisted-tube heat exchangers, helix exchangers
and expanded baffle heat exchangers. Within the same footprint,
these energy-efficient bundle replacements are able to transfer up
to 50% more heat at up to 50% lower pressures.
Where it is possible, replacing a shell and tube heat
exchanger with a compact variant can save thermal energy (more
heat can be transferred) and pump power (due to lower pressure
loss). These energy efficient heat exchangers can be rolled out at
the design stage or during plant improvement exercises.
 E. MINIMIZE SIMULTANEOUS
HEATING AND COOLING

In some industrial applications, both heating and cooling is

provided to a processing unit. For example, a vessel may have
heating and cooling loops. These might be operating
simultaneously due to control system faults or to having the
heating and cooling set points close together. Simultaneous
heating and cooling is surprisingly common in industry.
Identifying and eliminating these kinds of problems will save
energy at little or no cost.
 F. RETURN WATER AND
CONDENSATE

In industry, especially on a large site, condensate (the return

water resulting from using steam for heating processes) may be
passing to drains rather than being returned to the boiler plant for
reuse. Steam and the resulting condensate originate from
purchased water, which is treated with chemicals before going
into the boiler plant. The condensate is still hot and contains
usable energy. Wasting condensate wastes water, energy and
chemicals and should be eliminated in well-run steam systems.
Detailed analysis of the water, discussions with various
water treatment specialists and a life cycle cost analysis will be
necessary to fully appraise the financial benefits of returning the
condensate to the boiler house and/or other alternatives.
 F. RETURN WATER AND
CONDENSATE

Apart from the appropriate sized piping for condensate

return, one other component is essential: the steam trap. Steam
traps prevent steam from passing through but allow condensate
(after the steam energy is transferred) to pass through. From an
energy perspective, steam traps limit the free flow of unused
steam. The correct specification of steam type and size is an
essential part of maximizing the energy efficiency of steam
systems.
 3. COOLING AND REFRIGERATION

Cooling and refrigeration are another common energy

use deployed in industry. There are two principal types of
cooling: air-cooled and water-cooled. Air-cooling is achieved
by blowing cold air to the process that requires cooling.
Water-cooling is achieved by transferring the heat from the
process into water, which is later cooled by air in a cooling
tower.
A refrigeration unit (commonly referred to as a chiller)
has two separate circuits. One supplies chilled water to cool
the process and the extracted heat is rejected by the chiller in
the other circuit where it can either be air-cooled or water-
cooled. There are two major chiller designs on the market:
mechanical chillers, which use electricity, and absorption
chillers, which utilize heat for their operation.
 3. COOLING AND REFRIGERATION

Conceptually, a cooling tower and refrigeration system is

the reverse of a steam system. In a steam system, steam is
transferring its heat into the process. In cooling applications,
heat is extracted from the process. The issues and
opportunities identified in the motor and driven systems and
in steam systems above are applicable to cooling systems.
This section identifies the additional issues and opportunities
to save energy from the cooling towers and refrigeration units.
 A. COEFFICIENT OF
PERFORMANCE (COP)

An important measure of efficiency for cooling and refrigeration

systems (as well as heat pumps) is the Coefficient of Performance
(COP) – the relationship between energy input in the form of
electricity or motive power and energy output in the form of
heating or cooling. The higher the COP the lower the running
costs but COPs in any particular application vary widely with
temperatures and duty cycles.
 B. ENSURE GOOD ACCESS TO
COOLING AIR

Heat rejection from cooling systems is usually to ambient air

and good access to ambient air is necessary to allow for efficient
heat rejection. Sometimes siting restrictions and bad engineering
practices result in badly sited units with restricted air flow or
cooling air intakes being positioned next to hot air exhausts
which results in lower than ideal efficiency. As a rule of thumb,
every 1°C rise in the cooling air temperature causes a 3% power
increase by the chiller. All cooling towers and chillers should
have good access to the coolest possible air.
 4. WATER CHEMISTRY

Water is a useful medium for carrying and transferring

heat, either directly or as steam. However, water contains other
elements such as mineral salts (sodium salts, magnesium salts,
etc.), dissolved gases (such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.),
dissolved organic matter, and microbiological organisms.
 4. WATER CHEMISTRY

These elements, present in trace quantities, can

significantly affect the properties of water and directly impact
on energy efficiency and maintenance of plant and equipment
through the following mechanisms:
• mineral salts at high temperature can cause scaling, which
reduces heat transfer by forming an insulating layer on heat
transfer surfaces within heat exchangers.
• dissolved gases at low temperatures are the reason why heat
exchangers with cooling or refrigeration duties tend to
suffer from corrosion problems.
• undissolved solids in water, under certain conditions, can
carry over into the pipes and process plants to cause erosion.
• microbiological organisms, under the right conditions, may
proliferate in the water system.
 4. WATER CHEMISTRY

For these reasons, improving the quality of feed water

into a boiler or cooling tower can save money through:

• reducing water purchase

• reducing water treatment

• protecting plant from corrosion and erosion

• reducing energy consumption from pre-heating or pre-

cooling the water to operating temperatures

• reducing trade effluent.

 4. WATER CHEMISTRY

In cooling tower and chilled water systems further

savings can occur through a reduction in heat exchanger
scaling, and therefore a reduction in heat exchanger cleaning
time and/ or an increase in production availability. Due to the
potential or multiple benefits when improving water quality, it
is advisable to work closely with specialized water treatment
companies to identify all potential benefits for the site and to
assess the opportunity based on a life cycle cost analysis.
 5. BUILDINGS

Industrial enterprises tend to focus their efforts on energy

intensive processes. Compared to the process, the buildings
they occupy tend to be lower priority in terms of design,
commissioning, operations and maintenance, which is not
surprising as the energy costs of buildings are only a small
proportion of total energy costs.
 5. BUILDINGS

Despite this there may be quick wins for energy savings

in industrial enterprises in the buildings they occupy. Making
these improvements can also be a useful means to build
awareness, and involve employees in energy savings.
Three common areas where energy savings can be found
in buildings are: the building fabric, the Heating, Ventilating
and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and lighting.
 A. HEATING

One of the most effective means of limiting heat loss (or gain) is
via the improvement of building fabric. Should the industrial site
choose to erect a new building, energy efficient features can be
incorporated at the design stage. Simple solutions are also available
for existing buildings:
• For windows: window frames can be tested to ensure that they can
be closed tightly, and draught-proofing applied. Single glazed
windows can be replaced with double- or triple-glazed variants.
Shading can prevent over-heating.
• For doors: door frames can be tested to ensure they can be closed
tightly and draught-proofing applied. Thicker doors and self-
closing mechanisms can be deployed.
• For roofs and walls: gaps can be closed, and additional insulation
be applied. In hot climates, insulation can keep unwanted heat out.
 B. VENTILATING AND AIR
CONDITIONING (HVAC)
SYSTEMS

Well-controlled HVAC systems are another effective way to

save energy in all climates. The aim should be to maximize
comfort and health by controlling humidity, temperature and air
quality with the minimum input of energy.
 C. LIGHTING

Lighting is another simple way to save energy. There are

many combinations of energy saving techniques and technologies
for lighting. In general, lighting energy savings arise in three
ways:
• Not all areas of a building are occupied all of the time.
Automatic controls and sensors can be deployed to match
lighting provision to need.
• Reducing the lighting levels where there is over lamping.
There are standard recommendations for lighting levels
according to purpose. Meeting these can reduce electricity
consumption.
• Implementing more energy-efficient Light Emitting Diode
(LED) lighting will save electricity