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Bios

The document outlines the functions of the BIOS including its role in initializing hardware on startup, running POST checks, and loading the operating system. It describes how the BIOS interfaces with the CMOS, hard drives, and boot sectors to start the computer and load the OS. The document also discusses some BIOS utilities and settings like the setup program, overclocking, and APIC mode that can affect performance or compatibility.

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92 views17 pages

Bios

The document outlines the functions of the BIOS including its role in initializing hardware on startup, running POST checks, and loading the operating system. It describes how the BIOS interfaces with the CMOS, hard drives, and boot sectors to start the computer and load the OS. The document also discusses some BIOS utilities and settings like the setup program, overclocking, and APIC mode that can affect performance or compatibility.

Uploaded by

michael_dalisay
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND CMOS HOW TO ENTER IN BIOS POST MBR BIOS SET UP PROGRAME ROOTKITS REFLASHING OVER CLOCKING APIC MODE BIOS PROBLEM CONCLUSION REFERENCE

Introduction
BIOS(Basic Input Output Service)

Serves as a standardized communication interface between the computer s hardware and the operating system.
It is a small ROM chip on the PC s motherboard. A basic software program containing all BIOS neccesary for Post operation. There are so many operation runs behind BIOS system.

BACKGROUND
CMOS :-

CMOS in relation to the BIOS


material that the made up of whole BIOS system. A CMOS-based BIOS chip is a low-power device.

How to enter into BIOS


The different brand-name computer manufacturers and BIOS setup program developers use different key combinations to enter the BIOS. But most preferred key is :
By Pressing the DEL, F1 .

Also

Pressing the F11 key brings up the Boot Menu pressing the F10 key runs the BIOS recovery utility.

BIOS setup program

Architecture of BIOS

Inside BIOS setup program


When the reset button is released, the processor will be ready to start executing. When the processor first starts up, it is suffering from amnesia(there is nothing at all in the memory to execute). so pre-program the processor to always look at the place in the system BIOS ROM for the start of the BIOS boot program by POST operation. This is normally located in FFFF0h memory location place.

POST(Power On Self Test)


The POST is program that checks hardware to ensure that everything is present and functioning properly. later continues with additional tests (such as the memory test that you see printed on the screen) as the boot process is proceeding. Once the POST is complete, the BIOS is sure that everything is working properly, then it attempt to read first sector of the first hard drive{called Bootstrap Loader (Master or HDD0)}.

MBR(Memory boot record)


The MBR looks at the BOOT SECTOR (the first sector of the active partition). That is where NTLDR is located, NTLDR is the BOOT LOADER for Windows XP. NTLDR allow memory addressing, initiate the file system, read the boot and load the boot menu.

How to Boot System


After cheaking POST operation

the BIOS will then attempt to read first sector of the first hard drive (called the Master or HDD) MBR takes over it means that Windows is now in control.
The MBR looks at the BOOT SECTOR where NTLDR is located. NTLDR will allow memory addressing, initiate the file system, read the boot and load the boot menu. After NTLDR run NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI and BOOTSECT.DOS to get the proper OS selected and loaded. At last starts WINLOGON.EXE with help of NTOSKRNL.EXE via NTLDR this is the program that display the Logon screen so that we can logon.

Flow Chart of BIOS Functions


Turn on Computer Pass through POST Error Free YE S PlugnPlay

N O

Output to Monitor

Pass through POST Error Free Test Boot Drive

Bootable media found

N O

Pass through POST Error Free YE S Pass through POST Error Free

NO

Load boot program

Start operating system

BIOS setup utilities

Designed by Phonicx.

ROOTKITS
Rootkits is a hidden software that Windows cannot detect because they are activated before our Operating System Installed in the memory of the BIOS Allows the installation of hidden files, processes, hidden user accounts. Allows to access the computer by authentication and authorization The BIOS chip on a computer's motherboard stores the system configuration information that is required to boot the system, therefore reinstalling the operating system cannot remove a Rootkit installed in its flash memory.

REFLASHING
When a BIOS file is updated, it is said to reflashed into memory. Flashing BIOS is nothing but updation. Helps it to detect newer devices and components. Increase system's capabilities. Removes bugs from the installed version. Help to detect latest Hardware Device.
Like video card, sound card etc.

OVERCLOCKING
The primary benefit of overclocking is additional computer performance without the increased cost. Able to boost their system performance 25% or more! Drawbacks: There are drawbacks to overclocking a computer system. The biggest drawback to overclocking a computer part is that you are breaking warranty. because it is not running within its rated specification.

APIC(Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller)


APIC mode is a BIOS setting made available to Windows 2000 and Windows XP systems that increases the number of IRQ (Interrupt Request) lines available to the processor. When APIC is disabled in a Windows 2000/XP system, only 16 IRQs (0 to 15) are available to the processor. This reduces the amount of hardware.

BIOS problem
Due to BIOS setup utilities some problem can occur at any time
1. the installation only gets to the format drive stage then hangs. 2. It does not start the format. 3. Beeping sound. Solution: Clear the CMOS, Removed the BIOS battery, reset the jumpers,

Conclusion
The BIOS is an integral part of your computer. It can be used to specify how your computer boots and even prevent hardware from showing up in Windows. It can enable/disable our hardware. We shouldn t change the configuration unless know what we are doing. Fortunately, the BIOS has a reset option that will revert it back to its original state. This gives the life of our computer system.

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