Slides PV 03
Slides PV 03
Slides PV 03
Off-Grid Inverters
On-Grid Inverters
Hybrid Inverters
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Inverters
OFF-Grid Sine Wave Inverters
RATING 4 KVA
Efficiency 90%
Surge Rating 8KVA
DC Input Voltage 24V ; 48V
DC Input Voltage Range 21-33V, 42-66V
Reverse, under and over
Input Protection
voltage
Sort Circuit, over load and
Output Protection
over temperature
Output waveform Pure sine wave
Output Frequency Selectable 50 or 60Hz
Remote control Power ON/OFF
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Inverters
Hybrid Inverters
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Inverters
Hybrid Inverters
• Pure sine wave inverter
• Efficiency = 90-93%
• Max PV array Voc = 500V DC
• MPPT Range = 140V to 450V
• Max PV Array Power = 5000W
• Battery Voltage =48V DC
• Surge Power = 1000VA
• Max Solar Charge Current = 60A and 80A
• Max AC Charging Current = 60A
• Display and Monitoring
Axpert VM III
• Parallel operation with up to 7 units 1.5/3/5KVA
• Overload, Reverse and short circuit
protection
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Inverters
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Inverter’s Standards
• IEC 62109-1:2010 (Safety of power converters for use in
photovoltaic power)
• IEC 60068-2 (Environmental Testing)
• IEC 62116 (Test procedure of islanding prevention
measures for utility-interconnected photovoltaic inverters)
• 2004/108/EC EMC (IEC 61000-6-2/4)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zla5vDsiKbo&t=551s
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Cables and Wiring
The bigger the load (W) and the longer the distance (m), the
bigger is the required cable diameter (mm²).
Losses increase:
• if the cable is too long or
• if the diameter is too small.
Losses must be limited in order to ensure proper functionality
of the system.
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Cables and Wiring
General Rule:
• DC requires bigger cable diameters than AC.
• 12 requires bigger cable diameters than 24, 36 or 48 (for the
transmission of same power over the same distance)
insert here
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• If the calculated diameter is not exactly is fitting to available
for copper cables
(38 for aluminium)
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Solar PV Cables
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Mounting Structures
GROUND MOUNTING STRUCTURE Galvanized Aluminium
WITH CONCRETE PADS Frame
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Solar System Integration
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Module Space Requirements
Comparison of different module types
Approx. Module
Module Efficiency
Module Type Surface Area for 1
(%)
kWp (SQF)
Monocrystalline
18 ~ 19 136 ~ 134
Silicon
Bifacial or Mono
23 ~ 24 130 ~ 132
PERC
Polycrystalline
17 ~ 18 140 ~ 136
Silicon
Module covered area depends upon the angle, the space between each row,
and module efficiency. 14
Module Interconnections
PV Modules in Series.
• Serial interconnection of
cells of same type leads
to a multiplication of
voltage
15
Module Interconnections
PV Modules in Parallel.
• Parallel interconnection
of cells of same type
leads to a multiplication
of current.
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Module Interconnections - Array
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Module Interconnections - Array
Selection of modules and array design are first determined by the
specific application and power demand.
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Module Interconnections – Not Allowed
Parallel arrays which
are connected in serial
must be equal.
For example:
10 modules with 12 V /
50 Wp each
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Factors Affecting Solar Performance
3R ( Right Design, Right installation and Right Use) is the strategy for
long term Sustainability of the solar system.
20
Effect of Radiations
Electrical output and the current produced are directly proportional
to the level of solar irradiation.
21
Effect of Temperature
Increasing module temperature leads to decrease in power
output
22
Effect of Dust and Stints
In regions with little rainfall or with long dry seasons, dust may
accumulate on the modules and reduce efficiency by 10-25%.
Example:
PV modules after 2 months without rain in the area of Los Angeles. Efficiency
dropped at approx. 10% (estimated by the owner).
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Effect of Shading
Shading must be avoided !!!
• Shading from distant trees, roofs, chimneys etc. creates “soft”
or “diffuse” shadow which reduces irradiation and reduces
power output of the whole module.
When cells are connected in series, overall output is adjusted to
the output of the weakest cell.
• Hard shadow, bird drops etc., which prevent light from
reaching individual cells or groups of cells may bring power
output down to zero.
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Failures in Solar Cells and Modules
Broken interconnects
Broken cells
Corrosion
Encapsulant discoloration
Broken glass
Hot Spots
Ground faults
Junction box and module connection failures
Structural failures
Bypass Diode failures
Open circuiting leading to arcing
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Lead Acid Batteries
Energy storage is required in most off-grid and Hybrid PV Systems.
Rechargeable lead-acid batteries are the most com common type of
batteries used for PV systems.
• Storage capacities in the range of
0.1 kWh to 100 kWh.
• Batteries are built from 2 V cells
(e.g., 6 cells for a 12 V block).
• Charging voltage is higher than battery voltage
( e.g., up to 14.5 V charging power for a 12V battery).
Tubular plate
solar batteries Solar gel
(cell design) battery 26
Battery Parameters
Battery capacity
The storage capacity of the battery is represented in Ampere hour or Ah. If V
is the battery voltage, then the energy storage capacity of the battery can be
Ah x V = Watt-hour. Usually, battery capacity will be specified for a given
discharge/charge rating or C rating. The actual capacity depends on operating
conditions such as load, temperature, etc.
Battery voltage
The terminal voltage during operating condition is known as nominal voltage or
working voltage. This voltage will be specified by manufactures. It may be 3V,
6V, 12V, 24V etc.
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Battery Parameters
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Battery Parameters
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Battery Parameters
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Types of Batteries
Lithium-ion battery
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Charge Controller
Matching voltage of the PV array and the systems to that of the battery.
During times of high irradiance &
– Charge voltage must be higher low temperature (e.g. 0°C), MPP of
than battery voltage. the PV array may increase up to ~21
– Standard example: V, MOC up to ~25V.
Therefore, the battery must be
• Battery nominal voltage:12V protected
• Charge voltage: up to 14.5 V against overcharging.
• PV nominal voltage: 15-18 V During times of low / no irradiance,
PV voltage breaks down and the
(e.g., NOCT = 45°C) battery starts to discharge via the PV
– Discharge voltage is decreasing array.
while the battery is discharging Protection against self-discharging via
(discharge current stays almost the PV array, increases overall
constant). efficiency of the system.
Deep discharge is reducing battery
lifetime dramatically.
Therefore, a specific discharge cut-
off voltage is to be respected in
order to save battery life.
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Charge Controllers
MPPT Charge Controllers:
35
Charge Controllers
Characteristics 80A 60A
Nominal Battery Voltage 12, 24, 36, 48 or 60V DC 12, 24, 36, 48 or 60V DC
Maximum Output Current 80A at 40 Degree C 60A at 40 Degree C
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Charge Controller Standards
• IEC 62509:2010 (Battery charge controllers for photovoltaic systems
- Performance and functioning)
• IEC 62093:2005 (Balance-of-system components for photovoltaic
systems)
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Hybrid System Design
Total Operational Total Watt
APPLIANCE Watts QTY
watts Hours hours
FANS 100 6 600 8 4800
Energy
24 7 168 8 1344
Savor
AC 1-ton
600 1 600 6 3600
Inverter
Pump 600 1 600 2 1200
Laptop and
800 1 800 6 4800
TV
Total 2760 15740
Power 2760
Energy 15740
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OFF-Grid System with Separate Charge Controller
Variable
DC Energy
Source PV Module
Power
and Energy Load
Solar Cable from Module to CC
Charge
Controller Battery safety
Solar Cable from CC TO
BAT
DC to AC
DC Energy Distribution
Storage Battery Inverter Board
DC Cable from AC Cable from
BAT TO INV Inverter to
load
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OFF-Grid Design
insert here
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for copper cables
(38 for aluminium)
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Solar Hybrid Design
(in market 5kVA)
insert here
56
for copper cables
(38 for aluminium)
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OFF-Grid System with Separate Charge Controller
VOC =49.5
ISc = 10.3 A
400W
Each Energy = 15740 Wh
VOC =99 V
& 2760W
ISc = 51.50A
VOC = 150 V LOAD
I Max = 60A
CC
80A/48V
5kVA
Inverter
4000W MODULE
4*200AH
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Solar PV Grid Hybrid System with Built-in Charge
Controller
Variable DC Grid
Energy Source
Energy = 15740 Wh
At 2760W
PV Module
DC to AC
Inverter
SC Inverter GC
DC Cable from
Battery Battery to Inverter Distribution
Board
DC Energy Storage AC Cable from
Inverter to Load
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Hybrid Solar System with Built-in Charge Controller
400W
Each
4000 Wp
Grid
VOC = 300-600V Inverter
Input max = 40A Load
Output AC = 20A 5KVA
Energy = 15740 Wh
At 2760W
4 x 200 AH
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ON-Grid Solar System
Variable DC
Energy Source
PV Module
Net
Solar PV Cable Meter Grid
SOLAR
Inverter
Meter
DC TO
AC
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Thank You!
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