Numbering Systems

Types Of Numbers
 Natural Numbers
The number 0 and any number obtained by
repeatedly adding a count of 1 to 0
 Negative Numbers
A value less than 0
 Integer
A natural number, the negative of a natural number,
and 0.
So an integer number system is a system for
‘counting’ things in a simple systematic way
 Exponent Review
 An exponent (power) tells you how many times
to multiply the base by itself:

2 =2
 1

2 = 2 x 2 =4
 2

2 =2x2x2=8
 3

 20 = 1 (ANY number raised to power 0 is 1)

 1 / x2 = x -2
 Numbering Systems

- are the technique to represent numbers

in the computer system architecture, every
value that you are saving or getting
into/from computer memory has a defined
number system.
Computer architecture supports
following number systems.

Binary number system

Octal number system
Decimal number system
Hexadecimal (hex) number system
 Binary Number System
Binary number system has only two
digits that are 0 and 1. Every number
(value) represents with 0 and 1 in this
number system. The base of binary
number system is 2, because it has only
two digits.
 Octal number system
Octal number system has only eight
(8) digits from 0 to 7. Every number
(value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6
and 7 in this number system. The
base of octal number system is 8,
because it has only 8 digits.
 Decimal number system
Decimal number system has only ten
(10) digits from 0 to 9. Every number
(value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,
7,8 and 9 in this number system. The
base of decimal number system is
10, because it has only 10 digits.
 Hexadecimal number system
A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen
(16) alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A
to F. Every number (value) represents with
0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F in this
number system. The base of hexadecimal
number system is 16, because it has 16
alphanumeric values. Here A is 10, B is 11,
C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.
 Decimal Numbering System
 How is a positive integer represented in decimal?
 Let’s analyze the decimal number 375:
375 = (3 x 100) + (7 x 10) + (5 x 1)
= (3 x 102) + (7 x 101) + (5 x 100)
Position weights 102 101 100
Number digits 3 7 5
5 x100 = 5 +
7 x101 = 70 +
3 x 102 = 300
375
 Decimal System Principles
 A decimal number is a sequence of digits
 Decimal digits must be in the set:

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (Base 10)

 Each digit contributes to the value the number
represents
 The value contributed by a digit equals the product of
the digit times the weight of the position of the digit in
the number
 Decimal System Principles
 Position weights are powers of 10
 The weight of the rightmost (least significant digit)
is 100 (i.e.1)
 The weight of any position is 10x, where x is the
number of positions to the right of the least
significant digit

Position weights 104 103 102 101 100

digits 3 7 5
 Bits
 In a computer, information is stored using digital
signals that translate to binary numbers
 A single binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit
A single bit can represent two possible states,
on (1) or off (0)
 Combinations of bits are used to store values
 Data Representation
 Data representation means encoding data into bits
Typically, multiple bits are used to represent the
‘code’ of each value being represented

 Values being represented may be characters, numbers,

images, audio signals, and video signals.

 Although a different scheme is used to encode each type

of data, in the end the code is always a string of zeros
and ones
 Decimal to Binary
 So in a computer, the only possible digits we can use to
encode data are {0,1}
The numbering system that uses this set of digits is the
base 2 system (also called the Binary Numbering
System)
 We can apply all the principles of the base 10 system to
the base 2 system

Position weights 2 4 2 3 2 2 21 2 0
digits 1 0 1 1
 Binary Numbering System
 How is a positive integer represented in binary?
 Let’s analyze the binary number 110:
110 = (1 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (0 x 20)
= (1 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1)
Position weights 22 21 20
Number digits 1 1 0
0 x20 = 0 +
1 x21 = 2 +
1 x 22 = 4
6

 So a count of SIX is represented in binary as 110

 Binary to Decimal Conversion
 To convert a base 2 (binary) number to
base 10 (decimal):
 Add all the values (positional weights)
where a one digit occurs
 Positions where a zero digit occurs do
NOT add to the value, and can be
ignored
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
Example: Convert binary 100101 to decimal
(written 1 0 0 1 0 12 ) =
1*20 + 1+
0*21 +
1*22 +
0*23 + 4+
0*24 +
1*25
3710
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
 Example #2: 101112

positional powers of 2: 2 4 2 3 2 2 21 2 0
decimal positional value: 16 8 4 2 1
binary number: 1 0 1 1 1

16 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 2310
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
 Example #3: 1100102

positional powers of 2: 2 5 24 23 22 21 20
decimal positional value: 32 16 8 4 2 1
binary number: 1 1 0 0 1 0

32 + 16 + 2 =
5010
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
The Division Method:
1) Start with your number (call it N) in base 10
2) Divide N by 2 and record the remainder
3) If (quotient = 0) then stop
else make the quotient your new N, and go back to step 2
The remainders comprise your answer, starting with the last
remainder as your first (leftmost) digit.

In other words, divide the decimal number by 2 until you reach

zero, and then collect the remainders in reverse.
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
Using the Division Method:
Divide decimal number by 2 until you reach zero, and then
collect the remainders in reverse.
Example 1: 2210 = 101102
2 ) 22 Rem:
2 ) 11 0
2) 5 1
2) 2 1
2) 1 0
0 1
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
Using the Division Method
  Example 2: 5610 = 1110002

2 ) 56 Rem:
2 ) 28 0
2 ) 14 0
2 ) 7 0
2 ) 3 1
2 ) 1 1
0 1
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
The Subtraction Method:
 Subtract out largest power of 2 possible
(without going below zero), repeating until you
reach 0.
Place a 1 in each position where you


COULD subtract the value

Place a 0 in each position that you could


NOT subtract out the value without going

below zero.
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
Example 1: 2110

21 26 2 5 24 2 3 2 2 21 2 0
- 16 64 32 16 8 4 2
1 5 0 1 0 1
1- 4
1
   - 1   Answer: 2110 = 101012
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
Example 2: 5610

56 26 | 25 24 23 22 21 20
- 32 64| 32 16 8 4 2 1
24 |1 1 1 0 0 0
- 16
8
- 8 Answer: 5610 = 1110002
0
 Octal Numbering System
 Base: 8
 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

 Octal number: 3578

= (3 x 82 ) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)
 To convert to base 10, beginning with the
rightmost digit, multiply each nth digit by 8(n-1),
and add all of the results together.
 Octal to Decimal Conversion
 Example 1: 3578

positional powers of 8: 82 81 80
decimal positional value: 64 8 1
Octal number: 3 5 7

(3 x 64) + (5 x 8) + (7 x 1)

= 192 + 40 + 7 = 23910
 Octal to Decimal Conversion
 Example 2: 12468

positional powers of 8: 83 82 8 1 80
decimal positional value: 512 64 8 1
Octal number: 1 2 4 6

(1 x 512) + (2 x 64) + (4 x 8) + (6 x 1)

= 512 + 128 + 32 + 6 = 67810

 Decimal to Octal Conversion
The Division Method:
1) Start with your number (call it N) in base 10
2) Divide N by 8 and record the remainder
3) If (quotient = 0) then stop
else make the quotient your new N, and go back to step 2
The remainders comprise your answer, starting with the last
remainder as your first (leftmost) digit.

In other words, divide the decimal number by 8 until you reach

zero, and then collect the remainders in reverse.
 Decimal to Octal Conversion
Using the Division Method:

Example 1: 21410 = 3268

8 ) 214 Rem:
8 ) 26 6
8) 3 2
0 3
 Decimal to Octal Conversion
  Example 2: 433010 = 103528

8 ) 4330 Rem:
8 ) 541 2
8 ) 67 5
8 ) 8 3
8 ) 1 0
0 1
 Decimal to Octal Conversion
The Subtraction Method:
 Subtract out multiples of the largest power of 8
possible (without going below zero) each time
until you reach 0.
Place the multiple value in each position


where you COULD subtract the value.

Place a 0 in each position that you could NOT
subtract out the value without going below
zero.
 Decimal to Octal Conversion
Example 1: 31510

315 82 81 80
- 256 (4 x 64) 64 8 1
59 4 7 3
- 56 (7 x 8)
3
- 3 (3 x 1) Answer: 31510 = 4738
0
 Decimal to Octal Conversion
Example 2: 201810

2018 84 83 82 81 80
-1536 (3 x 512) 4096 512 64 8 1
482 3 7 4 2
- 448 (7 x 64)
34
- 32 (4 x 8)
2
- 2 (2 x 1) Answer: 201810 = 37428
0
 Hexadecimal (Hex)
Numbering System

 Base: 16
 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

 Hexadecimal number: 1F416

= (1 x 162 ) + (F x 161) + (4 x 160)

Hexadecimal (Hex)
Extra Digits

Decimal Value Hexadecimal Digit

10 A
11 B
12 C
13 D
14 E
15 F
 Hex to Decimal Conversion

 To convert to base 10:

Begin with the rightmost digit

Multiply each nth digit by 16(n-1)

Add all of the results together

 Hex to Decimal Conversion
 Example 1: 1F416

positional powers of 16: 163 162 161 160

decimal positional value: 4096 256 16 1
Hexadecimal number: 1 F 4

(1 x 256) + (F x 16) + (4 x 1)
= (1 x 256) + (15 x 16) + (4 x 1)

= 256 + 240 + 4 = 50010

 Hex to Decimal Conversion
 Example 2: 25AC16

positional powers of 16: 163 162 161 160

decimal positional value: 4096 256 16 1
Hexadecimal number: 2 5 A C

(2 x 4096) + (5 x 256) + (A x 16) + (C x 1)

= (2 x 4096) + (5 x 256) + (10 x 16) + (12 x 1)

= 8192 + 1280 + 160 + 12 = 964410

 Decimal to Hex Conversion
The Division Method:
1) Start with your number (call it N) in base 10
2) Divide N by 16 and record the remainder
3) If (quotient = 0) then stop
else make the quotient your new N, and go back to step 2
The remainders comprise your answer, starting with the last
remainder as your first (leftmost) digit.

In other words, divide the decimal number by 16 until you

reach zero, and then collect the remainders in reverse.
 Decimal to Hex Conversion
Using The Division Method:

  Example 1: 12610 = 7E16

16) 126 Rem:

16) 7 14=E
0 7
 Decimal to Hex Conversion
  Example 2: 60310 = 25B16

16) 603 Rem:

16) 37 11=B
16) 2 5
0 2
 Decimal to Hex Conversion
The Subtraction Method:
 Subtract out multiples of the largest power of
16 possible (without going below zero) each
time until you reach 0.
Place the multiple value in each position


where you COULD to subtract the value.

Place a 0 in each position that you could NOT
subtract out the value without going below
zero.
 Decimal to Hex Conversion
Example 1: 81010

810 162 161 160

- 768 (3 x 256) 256 16 1
3 2 A
42
- 32 (2 x 16)
10
Answer: 81010 = 32A16
- 10 (10 x 1)
 Decimal to Hex Conversion
Example 2: 15610

156 162 161 160

- 144 (9 x 16) 256 16 1
12 9 C
- 12 (12 x 1)
0
Answer: 15610 = 9C16
 Binary to Octal Conversion
The maximum value represented in 3 bit is:
23 – 1 = 7

So using 3 bits we can represent values from

0 to 7
which are the digits of the Octal
numbering system.

Thus, three binary digits can be converted to

one octal digit.
 Binary to Octal Conversion
Three-bit Group Decimal Digit Octal Digit
000 0 0
001 1 1
010 2 2
011 3 3
100 4 4
101 5 5
110 6 6
111 7 7
 Octal to Binary Conversion
Ex : Convert 7428 to binary
Convert each octal digit to 3 bits:

7 = 111
4 = 100
2 = 010
111 100 010
7428 = 1111000102
 Binary to Octal Conversion
Ex : Convert 101001102 to octal
Starting at the right end, split into groups of 3:
10 100 110 
110 = 6
100 = 4
010 = 2 (pad empty digits with 0)

101001102 = 2468
 Binary to Hex Conversion
The maximum value represented in 4 bit is:
24 – 1 = 15

So using 4 bits we can represent values from

0 to 15
which are the digits of the Hexadecimal
numbering system.

Thus, four binary digits can be converted to one

hexadecimal digit.
 Binary to Hex Conversion
Four-bit Group Decimal Digit Hexadecimal Digit
0000 0 0
0001 1 1
0010 2 2
0011 3 3
0100 4 4
0101 5 5
0110 6 6
0111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
1010 10 A
1011 11 B
1100 12 C
1101 13 D
1110 14 E
1111 15 F
 Binary to Hex Conversion
Ex : Convert 1101001102 to hex
Starting at the right end, split into groups of 4:

1 1010 0110 
0110 = 6
1010 = A
0001 = 1 (pad empty digits with 0)

1101001102 = 1A616
 Hex to Binary Conversion
Ex : Convert 3D916 to binary
Convert each hex digit to 4 bits:
3 = 0011
D = 1101
9 = 1001

0011 1101 1001 

3D916 = 11110110012 (can remove leading zeros)

 Conversion between Binary
and Hex - Try It Yourself
 Convert the following numbers:

10101111012 to Hex

82F16 to Binary
 (Answers on NEXT slide)
 Answers

 10101111012  10 1011 1101

= 2BD16

 82F16 = 0100 0010 1111 

100001011112
 Octal to Hex Conversion

 To convert between the Octal and

Hexadecimal numbering systems
Convert from one system to binary first

Then convert from binary to the new



numbering system
 Octal to Hex Conversion
Ex : Convert 7528 to hex

First convert the octal to binary:

111 101 0102
re-group by 4 bits
0001 1110 1010 (add leading zeros)

Then convert the binary to hex:

1 E A

So 7528 = 1EA16
 Hex to Octal Conversion
Ex : Convert E8A16 to octal

First convert the hex to binary:

1110 1000 10102

111 010 001 010 and re-group by 3

bits
(starting on the
Then convert the binary to octal:
right) 7 2 1 2

So E8A16 = 72128
Questions?
 Why does Hexadecimal
Numbers used to represent
binary?
 The hexadecimal system is commonly used by
programmers to describe locations in memory
because it can represent every byte (i.e., eight
bits) as two consecutive hexadecimal digits instead
of the eight digits that would be required by binary
(i.e., base 2) numbers and the three digits that
would be required with decimal numbers.
In addition, it is much easier for
humans to read hexadecimal
numbers than binary numbers, and
it is not much more difficult for
computer professionals to read
hexadecimal numbers than decimal
numbers.
END!