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Transmission Control Protocol

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a core protocol of the Internet protocol suite that provides reliable data transmission between applications on networked hosts. TCP divides application data into segments, which it transmits as packets via IP networking, ensuring ordered and error-checked delivery. Major internet applications like the web, email, file transfer, and remote access rely on TCP in the transport layer. TCP establishes connections using three-way handshaking and provides features like reliability, ordered delivery, full-duplex communication, and stream orientation.

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67 views7 pages

Transmission Control Protocol

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a core protocol of the Internet protocol suite that provides reliable data transmission between applications on networked hosts. TCP divides application data into segments, which it transmits as packets via IP networking, ensuring ordered and error-checked delivery. Major internet applications like the web, email, file transfer, and remote access rely on TCP in the transport layer. TCP establishes connections using three-way handshaking and provides features like reliability, ordered delivery, full-duplex communication, and stream orientation.

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Mr RuthLess
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transmission

Control Protocol
z

Internet protocol
S Hemasai Reddy
IOT
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the 
Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it
complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as 
TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets
 (bytes) between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network. Major internet
applications such as the World Wide Web, email, remote administration, and file transfer rely on
TCP, which is part of the Transport Layer of the TCP/IP suite. SSL/TLS often runs on top of
TCP.
Features of TCP protocol
The following are the features of a TCP protocol:
•Transport Layer Protocol
•Reliable
•Order of the data is maintained
•Connection-oriented
•Full duplex
•Stream-oriented

Need of Transport Control Protocol


In the layered architecture of a network model, the whole task is divided into smaller tasks. Each task is
assigned to a particular layer that processes the task. In the TCP/IP model, five layers are application layer, 
transport layer, network layer, data link layer, and physical layer. The transport layer has a critical role in
providing end-to-end communication to the directly application processes. It creates 65,000 ports so that the
multiple applications can be accessed at the same time. It takes the data from the upper layer, and it divides
the data into smaller packets and then transmits them to the network layer.

Working of TCP
In TCP, the connection is established by using three-way handshaking. The client sends the segment with its
sequence number. The server, in return, sends its segment with its own sequence number as well as the
acknowledgement sequence, which is one more than the client sequence number. When the client receives
the acknowledgment of its segment, then it sends the acknowledgment to the server. In this way, the
connection is established between the client and the server.
TCP segment structure

Transmission Control Protocol accepts data from a data stream, divides it into chunks, and adds a
TCP header creating a TCP segment. The TCP segment is then encapsulated into an Internet
Protocol (IP) datagram, and exchanged with peers.[7]
The term TCP packet appears in both informal and formal usage, whereas in more precise
terminology segment refers to the TCP protocol data unit (PDU), datagram[8] to the IP PDU,
and frame to the data link layer PDU:
TCP segment header

Offs
Octe 0 1 2 3
ets t

Oct
Bit  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0  7  6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
et

0 0 Source port Destination port


4 32 Sequence number

8 64 Acknowledgment number (if ACK set)

Reserved CW UR
12 96 Data offset NS ECE ACK PSH RST SYN FIN Window Size
000 R G

16 128 Checksum Urgent pointer (if URG set)

20 160

Options (if data offset > 5. Padded at the end with "0" bits if necessary.)
⋮ ⋮

60 480
Advantages of TCP

•It provides a connection-oriented reliable service, which means that it guarantees the delivery of data
packets. If the data packet is lost across the network, then the TCP will resend the lost packets.
•It provides a flow control mechanism using a sliding window protocol.
•It provides error detection by using checksum and error control by using Go Back or ARP protocol.
•It eliminates the congestion by using a network congestion avoidance algorithm that includes various
schemes such as additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD), slow start, and congestion window.

Disadvantage of TCP
It increases a large amount of overhead as each segment gets its own TCP header, so fragmentation by the
router increases the overhead.
The End

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