Indicators are used to determine if a solution is acidic, alkaline, or neutral. Common indicators include litmus solution and universal indicator. Litmus solution turns red in acids and blue in bases, while universal indicator can indicate the strength of acidity or alkalinity based on its color. When acids and bases neutralize each other, they form salts and water. Neutralization reactions between acids and metals or their compounds also produce salts and water, and sometimes carbon dioxide gas.
Indicators are used to determine if a solution is acidic, alkaline, or neutral. Common indicators include litmus solution and universal indicator. Litmus solution turns red in acids and blue in bases, while universal indicator can indicate the strength of acidity or alkalinity based on its color. When acids and bases neutralize each other, they form salts and water. Neutralization reactions between acids and metals or their compounds also produce salts and water, and sometimes carbon dioxide gas.
Indicators are used to determine if a solution is acidic, alkaline, or neutral. Common indicators include litmus solution and universal indicator. Litmus solution turns red in acids and blue in bases, while universal indicator can indicate the strength of acidity or alkalinity based on its color. When acids and bases neutralize each other, they form salts and water. Neutralization reactions between acids and metals or their compounds also produce salts and water, and sometimes carbon dioxide gas.
Indicators are used to determine if a solution is acidic, alkaline, or neutral. Common indicators include litmus solution and universal indicator. Litmus solution turns red in acids and blue in bases, while universal indicator can indicate the strength of acidity or alkalinity based on its color. When acids and bases neutralize each other, they form salts and water. Neutralization reactions between acids and metals or their compounds also produce salts and water, and sometimes carbon dioxide gas.
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By Kenzy Ali 7I
Acids, Alkalis and Salts
Indicators An indicator is a substance that changes color when added to an alkaline or acidic solution. An indicator is used to determine whether the solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral. Litmus and universal indicator are two common indicators that are used in the lab. Litmus indicator solution turns red in acidic solutions, blue in alkaline solutions and purple in neutral solutions. Litmus paper is easier to use than litmus indicator solution as it comes as blue litmus paper and red litmus paper. Universal indicator is different from litmus indicator because it can tell how strongly acidic or strongly alkaline the solution is. Universal indicator has many different color changes, from red for strongly acidic solutions to dark purple for strongly The table below shows how alkaline solutions. In the middle, neutral pH 7 is indicated by green. litmus paper works. When you use universal indicator paper, you get more accurate results if you only put a small spot of the test solution on the paper, and then leave the color to develop for about 30 seconds before comparing it with the color chart.
Red Litmus Blue Litmus
Paper Paper Universal indicator color chart at different pH values Acidic Solution Stays Red Turns Red Alkaline Solution Turns Blue Stays Blue Neutral Solution Stays Red Stays Blue 01 02 03 04 05 Neutral solutions Acidic solutions alkaline solutions the closer to pH 0 the closer to pH 14 are pH 7 exactly have pH values of have pH values of you go, the more you go, the more less than 7 more than 7 strongly acidic a strongly alkaline a solution is. solution is
Important points about
the pH scale They have a pH of below 7.
They are solutions of compounds in water.
If concentrated, acids can be corrosive.
Acids taste sour (for example, lemon).
Properties of Acids Turn blue litmus paper red (red litmus paper stays red).
Acids neutralize bases.
Acids contain hydrogen ions.
Acids
Dilute acids Strong acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid are laboratory acids that have been mixed with a lot of water before putting them out for use. Their bottles are labelled with a warning symbol to show that they can irritate your skin or cause some other minor harm to health. This means that if any of them makes contact with your skin, it may become red or blistered. You must wash off any spills with plenty of water, otherwise your skin may soon feel as if it is burning. Concentrated acids Concentrated acids are acids mixed with very little water. They are much more dangerous than dilute acids. Concentrated acids are corrosive. They can attack metals and destroy skin if spilled. Their bottles are labelled with a warning symbol to show that they are corrosive. Weak acids Laboratory acids are far too dangerous to taste, but you will have swallowed some dilute weak acids. Acids have a sour taste, like vinegar, which contains ethanoic acid, and lemons, which contain citric acid. These are safe to use in food, but they can still hurt if they get into a cut or into your eyes. They feel soapy to touch.
They are soluble bases.
Like acids, they can ‘burn’ the skin (called caustic).
They turn red litmus blue (blue litmus paper stays blue). Properties of Alkalis Alkalis contain hydroxide ions .
They taste bitter.
Turns Universal Indicator blue or purple.
Neutralization Metal hydroxides Metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide, usually dissolve in water to form clear, colorless solutions. When an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide, the only products formed are a salt plus water. Here is the word equation for the reaction: acid + metal hydroxide → a salt + water Usually there is a temperature rise and the pH of the reaction mixture changes Metal oxides Some metal oxides, such as sodium oxide, dissolve in water to form clear, colorless solutions. Many of them are not soluble in water, but they will react with acids. Copper(II) oxide is like this. When an acid reacts with a metal oxide, the only products formed are a salt plus water. Here is the general word equation for the reaction: acid + metal oxide → a salt + water Usually there is a temperature rise and the pH of the reaction mixture changes Metal carbonates Although sodium carbonate can dissolve in water, most metal carbonates are not soluble. Calcium carbonate (chalk, limestone and marble) is like this. When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate, the products formed are a salt plus water, but carbon dioxide is also formed. Here is the word equation for the reaction: acid + metal carbonate → a salt + water + carbon dioxide You usually observe bubbles of gas being given off during the reaction. You can show that the gas is carbon dioxide by bubbling it through limewater: this turns cloudy white when it reacts with carbon dioxide.
