Mathematics in the

Modern World
PROBLEM SOLVING
AND
REASONING
Problem Solving and Reasoning
Another nature of mathematics.
Core Idea

Mathematics ḭs not just about numbers; much of it is

problem solving and reasoning.
Topic 3 - Problem Solving and Reasoning
Sub Topics:
1. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning.
2. Polya’s Four Steps in Problem Solving and Problem Solving
Strategies.
3. Mathematical Problems Involving Patterns and Recreational
Problems using Mathematics
Lesson objectives

After the end of the lesson, students will be able to

1. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and
arguments made about mathematics and mathematical concepts.
2. Ṡolve problems involving patterns and recreational problems
following Polya’s four steps.
3. Ṍrganize one’s methods and approaches for proving and solving
problems.
 Inductive
and
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
What are inductive and deductive reasoning?

Definition of Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a general
conclusion by examining specific examples.
The conclusion formed by using inductive reasoning is a
conjecture, since it may or may not be correct.

Definition of Deductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning is the ṗrocess of reaching a conclusion
by applying general assumptions, procedures, or principles.
Comparison between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

● Logically true. ● Logically true.
● It is a process of reaching ● It is a process of reaching a
a conclusion. conclusion.
❖ Examining specific ❖ Applying general
examples. assumptions, procedures, or
● From specific to general. principles.
● Conclusion is realistically ● From general to specific.
may or may not be true. ● Conclusion is realistically
true.
 Examples of Arguments Showing
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

● During the past 10 years, ● All home improvements cost
a tree has produced plums more than the estimate. The
every one year. Last year contractor estimated that my
the tree did not produce home improvement will cost
plums, so this year the P35, 000. Thus my home
tree will produce plums. improvement will cost more
than P35, 000.
 Examples of Arguments Showing
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

● I know I will win a ● All Gillian Flynn novels are
jackpot on this slot worth reading. The novel
machine in the next 10 Gone Girl is a Gillian Flynn
tries, because it has not novel. Thus Gone Girl is
paid out any money worth reading.
during the last 45 tries.
 Examples of Arguments Showing
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning
● Samantha got an A on ● If a figure is a rectangle, then
each of her four math it is a parallelogram. Figure
tests, so she will get an A A is a rectangle. Therefore,
on the next math test. Figure A is a parallelogram.
 Uses of
Inductive and
Deductive Reasoning
Uses of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
 Uses of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning Deductive

● It is used to examine a list of Reasoning
numbers and predict the next ● It is used to establish a
number in the list according conjecture about an
to some pattern observed. arithmetic procedure.
● It is used to make a
conjecture about an
arithmetic procedure.
 Uses of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

● It is used to solve an ● It is used solve a logic
application. puzzle with the aid of a
chart that enable to display
the given information in a
visual manner.
Illustrations

1. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each

of the following lists. Answers
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ___ 18
b. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ___ 30
c. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ___ 21
d. 5, 10, 17, 26, ___ 37
e. 80, 70, 61, 53, 46, 40, ___ 35
Illustrations
Complete the procedure below ḟor several different numbers. Use
inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship
between the size of the resulting number and the size of the original
number.
Solution:
Procedure:
5 6 10 20 25
a. Ṗick a number. 40 48 80 160 200
b. Ṁultiply by 8. 46 54 86 166 206
c. Add 6. 23 27 43 83 103
d. Divide by 2. 20 24 40 80 100
e. Subtract 3.
Illustrations
Solution:
Procedure:
a. Ṗick a number. 5 6 10 20 25
b. Ṁultiply by 8. 40 48 80 160 200
c. Add 6. 46 54 86 166 206
d. Divide by 2. 23 27 43 83 103
e. Subtract 3. 20 24 40 80 100

In each of these cases the resulting number is four times the

original number. Thus ẉe have the conjecture that following the
given procedure “produces a number that is four times the original
number.”
Illustrations
Complete the procedure below ḟor several different numbers. Use
inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship
between the size of the resulting number and the size of the original
number.
Solution:
Procedure:
5 6 10 20 25
a. Ṗick a number. 45 54 90 180 225
b. Ṁultiply by 9. 60 69 105 195 240
c. Add 15. 20 23 35 65 80
d. Divide by 3. 15 18 30 60 75
e. Subtract 5.
Illustrations
Solution:
Procedure:
a. Ṗick a number. 5 6 10 20 25
b. Ṁultiply by 9. 45 54 90 180 225
c. Add 15. 60 69 105 195 240
d. Divide by 3. 20 23 35 65 80
e. Subtract 5. 15 18 30 60 75

In each of these cases the resulting number is three times the

original number. Thus ẉe have the conjecture that following the
given procedure “produces a number that is three times the
Illustrations
Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedure
produces a number that is four times the original number.
Procedure: Solution: Let n represent the original
number
a. Ṗick a number. n We started with
b. Ṁultiply by 8. 8n n and ended
c. Add 6. 8n+6 with 4n.
d. Divide by 2. (8n+6)/2 = 2(4n+3) /2 = 4n + 3
e. Subtract 3. 4n + 3 - 3 = 4n
Thus the procedure given produces a number that is four times the original
number.
Illustrations
Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedure
produces a number that is three times the original number.
Procedure: Solution: Let n represent the original
number
a. Ṗick a number. n We started with
b. Ṁultiply by 9. 9n n and ended
c. Add 15. 9n+15 with 3n.
d. Divide by 3. (9n+15)/3 = 3(3n+5) /3 = 3n +
e. Subtract 5. 5
3n + 5 - 5 = 3n
Thus the procedure given produces a number that is three times the original
number.
Illustrations a. What happens to the height of
a tsunami when its velocity is
doubled?
A tsunami ḭs a sea wave
produced by an underwater b. What should be the height of
earthquake. The height of a a tsunami if its velocity is 30 feet
tsunami as it approaches land per second?
depends on the velocity of the
tsunami. Use the table to the
right and inductive reasoning to
answer each of the following
questions.
Illustrations Solution:
A tsunami with velocity of 12 ḟeet
per second has a height of four
times as that of tsunami with 6 units
per second.
A tsunami with a velocity of 18 feet
per second has a height that is four
times that of a tsunami with velocity
of 9 feet per second.
a. What happens to the height of
a tsunami when its velocity is It appears that doubling the velocity
doubled? of a tsunami quadrupling its height.
 Solution:
Illustrations
Each successive velocity of
tsunami is 3 larger than the
preceding velocity. Thus
predicting the next velocity of
tsunami in the first column is 30.

Also, the first two heights of

tsunami differ by 5. The second
b. What should be the height of a
and third heights of tsunami differ
tsunami if its velocity is 30 feet per
by 7.
second?
Illustrations Solution:

It appears that the difference

between any two consecutive
heights of tsunami is always 2
more than the preceding
difference.
Since 64 and 81 ḏiffer by 17,
we predict that the next number
b. What should be the height of a in the list will be 19 larger than
tsunami if its velocity is 30 feet per 81, ẉhich is 100.
second?
Uses of Deductive Reasoning
Uses of Deductive Reasoning
Uses of Deductive Reasoning
Counter Example
Counter Example
What is a counter-example?

Definition of Counter-example
A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all
cases. If there is one case for which a statement is not true, called a
counterexample, then the statement is false.
A statement may have many counterexamples but one
counterexample is enough to verify that the statement is false.
Illustrations

Verify that each of the following statements is a false

statement by finding a counterexample. For all numbers x:
Answers

a. 0 is a counter-
example.
b. -3 is a counter- All negative
example. integers
c. 3 is a counter- All real nos except
example. 0
Thank you!!!