CATTLE

PRODUCTION
TERMINOLOGIES
Bostaurus
Bos taurus

- Originate in Europe
- Without humps and therefore of temperate
regions
Bos
Bosindicus
taurus

- Of tropical origin such as the Brahman or Zebu of India

or Afrikander of Africa.
- Hump cattle
- Adapted to tropical conditions (has survived through
centuries exposure to inadequate conditioned such as
food supplies, insect pests parasites/diseases and
extreme Weather conditions
BOVINE/
Bos taurus
BOVINE FAMILY

- A bovine refers to a domestic animal of the species Bos

taurus (cattle) or Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo), and
also includes hybrids like Beefalo
OX
Bos /taurus
OXEN

- ruminant member of the bovine family, or sometimes

the male used for draft purposes.
CATTLE
Bos taurus

- domesticated bovine animals

Bos
BULL- a mature male breeding cattle.
taurus
 COW- a mature female breeding cattle, one that
has given birth.
Bos
CALF- a young offspring of a cattle of either sex less than
taurus
one year of age.
 BULL CALF- a male calf
 HEIFER CALF- a female calf
Bos
HEIFER-
taurusa female cattle that has not yet produced
any offspring.

 HEIFERETTE- a large heavy heifer that has

already delivered an offspring
Bos
BULLING
taurus HEIFER- a heifer that bred at age for breeding
usually from 15 months to the first service, or mating.
 Bos taurus
SPAYED HEIFER- a heifer whose ovaries has been
removed by the process/ operation called spaying
of the female animal.
 STEER- a male cattle whose testes has been
Bos taurus
removed / castrated before reaching sexual
maturity.
 STAG- a male cattle whose testes has been
removed / castrated after sexual maturity.
 STAG BULLOCK- used for doing work or as draft
animal.
 STEER- a male cattle whose testes has been
Bos taurus
removed / castrated before reaching sexual
maturity.
 STAG- a male cattle whose testes has been
removed / castrated after sexual maturity.
 STAG BULLOCK- used for doing work or as draft
animal.
 YEARLING- a cattle of either sex that is between
Bos taurus
1-2 years old.
 SHORT YEARLING- a yearling between 1-1 ½
years old
 LONG YEARLING- a yearling between 1 ½ - 2
years old
 Bos taurus an imperfectly sexed and infertile
FREEMARTIN-
heifer born with a bull
 Bos taurusyoung cattle that is being fed and cared for,
STOCKERS-
in such a way for growth rather than improvement may be
realized
 Bos
POLLEDtaurus
CATTLE- a naturally or genetically hornless
cattle (Ex. Aberdeen, Galloway, and Red Poll)
 Bos taurusCATTLE- a horned cattle made hornless by
DEHORNED
the application of caustic potash or heat destroying the
horn forming cells.
 Bos taurusCOWS- cows that are in milk production.
LACTATING

 DRY COWS- cows that are not producing milk or has not
produced a calf during the current breeding season.
 Bos taurus
SERVING – the act of mating cows
 Bos taurus
VEALER- a calf suitable for veal usually less than 3
months of age and wholly milk fed.
 VEAL- the meat of calf less than 3 months old
 BOOVEAL- the meat of very young calf, or newly born
calf
 Bos taurus
BEEF- the meat of a mature cattle.
 Bos taurus the dead body of an animal..
CARCASS-
 Bos
HIDE-taurus
the skin of mature cattle.
 CALFSKIN- the skin of young cattle which produce softer
leather.
 Bos taurus
HERD-a group of cattle/ grouping of cattle
 Bos taurusSTOCK- animal intended for breeding
BREEDER
purposes.
PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA
Age
Bosof puberty
taurus of females(months) 8-10
Estrous Cycle (days) 21 days
Estrous length 12-18 hours
Time of Ovulation 10-15 hrs after end of heat
Gestation (days) 283
Offspring per parturition 1
Age of puberty of males (months) 10-12
Female to male ratio at normal 25-40
breeding
Normal temperature 37-41 C
Mammary glands 4
Volume ejaculate (cc) 5-7
Sperm/ cc 1.2 billion
Normal respiration rate/ min 18-28
Normal heart rate/ min 60-70
Philippine Cattle Production
Bos taurus

The country’s total cattle

production increased to 52.61
thousand metric tons, liveweight
in the third quarter of 2022, from
51.97 thousand metric tons,
liveweight in the same quarter of
the previous year. This indicates
an annual growth rate of 1.2
percent, a recovery from a -2.6
percent drop in 2021
Philippine Cattle Production
Bos taurus
Northern Mindanao was the top producer of cattle during the
quarter with 16.3 percent share and estimated production of
8.56 thousand metric tons, liveweight.
Philippine Cattle Production
Bos taurus
Among the provinces, Bukidnon was the highest producer of cattle in
2020 with a production of 18.34 thousand metric tons, liveweight. This was
followed by Pangasinan with 12.90 thousand metric tons, liveweight and
Batangas with 12.68 thousand metric tons, liveweight. Completing the top 10
cattle-producing provinces in 2020 were Masbate, Isabela, Cebu, Quezon,
Misamis Oriental, llocos Norte, and Tarlac. These provinces accounted for
41.8 percent of the country's total cattle production in 2020
Bos taurus

BEEF CATTLE
PRODUCTION
COMPETITIVE
Bos taurusADVANTAGES OF BEEF
PRODUCTION
1. Increasing demand for beef, income elasticity of demand
for beef is higher than other meat
2. Ability to transform low quality fibrous feed materials into
high value protein food product
3. Abundant supply of crop residues especially in small
farms
4. Favorable climate for fodder production
5. Cattle production and meat processing technologies are
available for increased productivity
CONSTRAINTS
Bos taurusIN THE CATTLE SECTOR
1. Low feeding base
2. High financing cost for breeding operations
3. High cost of inputs
4. Lack of infrastructures
5. Competition for use of land
6. Changing policy guidelines
7. Import substitutes particularly carabeef
8. Policy to unify and integrate the beef industry
CONSTRAINTS
Bos taurusIN THE CATTLE SECTOR
1. Low feeding base
2. High financing cost for breeding operations
3. High cost of inputs
4. Lack of infrastructures
5. Competition for use of land
6. Changing policy guidelines
7. Import substitutes particularly carabeef
8. Policy to unify and integrate the beef industry
TYPES OF CATTLE
RAISING
Cow-Calf Operation
Cows and bulls are raised to
produce calves. Calves are then
raised until they are weaned
from their dams at seven to eight
months of age. After weaning,
they can be sold right away, or
raised for a few months for use
as replacement stocks or sold for
fattening.
Cow-Calf Operation
The cow-calf operation is considered the most
challenging because the producer needs to be familiar with
the reproductive phenomena, as well as the breeding and
feeding systems. He should also be well-informed on the
management practices involved in the production and
maintenance of cows, bulls and calves. A good animal health
program should also be observed to minimize mortality and
ensure the productivity of the animals.
Cow-Calf Operation
It has the following characteristics.
1. Uses of grade Philippine cows and purebred of high-grade bulls
2. Involves selling calves at weaning as stockers, or as feeders stocks
after grazing them out on the range or as slaughter cattle after feeding
them out ; or selling heifers to other ranchers for breeding purposes
3. extensive use of native pastures and minimum outlay for supplemental
feed/ concentrates and may be integrated with orchard or coconut
Extensive System
The extensive system is also popularly known as ranching.
In this system, the animals are maintained in a vast tract of
open lands. These areas are usually public lands which the
government offers for lease where the animals are allowed to
graze freely. However, the enactment of the Agrarian Reform
Law limits the use of these pasture areas. The peace and
order situation in the countryside is another reason why many
cattle raisers are now shying away from cattle ranching.
Despite these limitation, however, the idea of going into
ranching still offers a good prospect.
Extensive System
Integration into Crop or Plantation
Agriculture
A cow-calf project may also be done in combination with
crop or plantation agriculture. Small vacant lots or spaces
between agricultural crops plantations such as corn, rice,
sugarcane, etc. may be utilized as feed sources. The animals
can also be maintained by feeding them by-products of
agricultural crops or industrial wastes. Under plantation crops
like coconuts or forest trees are open spaces where grasses
can be grown as Feeds. For maximum benefits, however,
both the cattle and the trees should be managed properly.
Integration into Crop or Plantation
Agriculture
Intensive System

In this system, the animals are confined and are fed on a cut-
and-carry basis of zero grazing. A good pasture is developed
and maintained to ensure the regular supply of feeds.
Supplemental feeding with
concentrates is also practiced.
Intensive System
Purebred program / breeder farm operation

• The calves are raised until they are ready for breeding
provided they passed the selection Criteria

• The aim of the purebred program or breeder farm operation

is to produce breeder stocks to be sold to other ranchers. It
uses purebreds cows and bulls and requires large capital
for animal/equipment, better feeding and salesmanship.
Purebred program / breeder farm operation
Feedlot Fattening Operations
Feedlot fattening of cattle has become important to the
livestock industry of the Philippines for three main reasons;

a. provides the farmer with extra income

b. it gives him year round work and allow the use of cheap,
plentiful, farm-by-products such as corn stover, hay,
silage, rice straw, copra meal, rice bran and sugarcane
tops which might otherwise wasted

c. it helps the demand for high-protein food in the diet

Feedlot Fattening Operations

Objective of feedlot fattening is to add weight to the animal

and increases its value
Feedlot Fattening Operations
CHARACTERISTICS
a. returns from cattle feeding comes from the differences
between the buying and selling prices, and gain in weight
b. turnover of capital is faster
c. use high-energy feeds in order to give the cattle a better
“finish” and appearance
d. requires a little area
e. located in areas where large quantities of livestock feed are
raised
f. may also be integrated with pineapple and sugarcane
enterprises or any set-up which produces large quantities of
by-products
Backyard cattle raising or semi-
subsistence or small holder
The background sector constitute 92% of the total cattle
population. It is characterized by the following
a) one or two head of either fattening or breeding cattle is
raised on a spares time
b) farmers usually tethers animals to gaze around the home
lot and then supplements this with farm wastes like rice
straw or corn stover/ stalks when back in the pen.
c) Other practice soiling and supplementing with ipil-ipil as a
source of proteins, and rice bran, corn bran or copra meal
at 1-2 kg/ animal and,
d) In Batangas, force feeding (supa or supak) or feed mixture
is a common practice among backyard cattle raisers.
Backyard cattle raising or semi-
subsistence or small holder
BREEDS OF CATTLE
BREEDS OF CATTLE
ZEBU BREEDS
BRAHMAN
INDU-BRAZIL
KANKREF
KANKREF
KRISHNA
NELLORE
RED SINDHI
SAHIWAL
STA. GERTRUDIS
THARPARKER
TEMPERATE BREEDS
ANGUS
CHIANINA
SIMMENTAL
ARYSHIRE
BROWN SWISS
GUERNESEY
HOLSTEIN-FRESIAN
JERSEY
BREEDS OF CATTLE
BREEDS OF CATTLE
PHILIPPINE BREEDS
BATANGAS BREED
The Batangas breed is low set of medium length,
unusually deep at the chest, but somewhat light at the
hindquarters. The head is long and of medium width
between the eyes. The horns are thick and short, the
direction of growth being sideways, upward and forward.
The ears are small and held horizontally from the head.
The neck is proportional to the length of the sides. The
abdomen is low, not paunchy. The back is short and
could be more straight. The loin is wide and a little low.
The thigh is fairly muscled, wide and deep. The legs are
big boned. The front legs are relatively straight with feet
that are small and upright. The hind legs are straight.
The color is generally red. Other colors are fawn, yellow,
and black. Mixed colors of white and other colors are
also seen.
BATANGAS BREED
THE LARGE-TYPE ILOCOS STEER
The large type Ilocos steer is rather upstanding, tall and
long. The head is long and of medium width, the horns are
likewise long and slender. The neck is in proportion with
the length of the body. The chest is deep and the body is
broad and long. The rump is slightly drooping but broad.
Both hip and thigh are wide and well-muscled. The
common color is red, followed by brown. Some are of
mixed colors of brown, black or yellow with white
THE SMALL-TYPE ILOCOS STEER
The small-type and large-type Ilocos cattle differ from
each other mainly in size and body built., the large-type
being upstanding, long but heavier in weight, while the
smalltype is of lighter weight, somewhat blocky and low-
set. The color is usually red. A dark line runs on the back.
Dark shades appears on the face below the eyes. The
head is long and of medium width. The horns are directed
upward and to the sides. The face is straight. The body is
wide and low, the barrel capacaious, the back is straight
and the chest is deep. The hip is fairly long and well-
muscled, the thigh is fairly broad but lacks depth and the
lower thigh is flat. The legs are relatively straight and
strong.
ILOCOS STEER
THE ILOILO TYPE
The Iloilo bull, in general appearance, is relatively low in
height, long of body, with neck that is short and muscular.
The head is course but well carried. The horns are short,
pointed and generally directed to the sides and upward.
The chest is deep, the hip prominent , the barrel is
somewhat flat on the sides, the abdomen capacious and
the hindquarters light. The forelegs are well placed and
the fore shank are fine. The forefeet are medium in size
and stand at 45 degrees with the ground. The back is
straight and the rump is slightly drooping. The tail is long
and the switch is bushy. The hip and the thigh lack depth,
width and muscularity. The hind legs are straight but
sicklehooked. The hind shanks are fine, the hind feet are
small, slanting and narrow. The usual color of the animal
is balck. Some individuals are fawn, others are chestnut in
color
THE ILOILO TYPE
COMMON DISEASES OF
CATTLE
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD)
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA
ANTHRAX
ANTHRAX