UNIT IV-- d) Types of Light sources : Fluorescent,

Incandescent, HID’s, CFL, LED Halogen and neon lamps.

Neon lamps
1. FLUORESCENT TUBES
Fluorescent lamps are tubular, low intensity,
electric discharge lamps. They produce light by
generating an electric arc which passes
through the mercury vapor sealed within their
tubes. This produces ultraviolet light that coat
the tubes inner walls, thus emitting visible light.

Standard fluorescent lights are available in tubes

(generally 48 to 96 inches in length). CFLs (compact
fluorescent lamps) are much smaller. They are still
DIADVATAGES tubes but are “compact.”
Tube is filled with an inert gas Argon (one that does not burn
or aid combustion) in order to keep oxygen away.
• Fluorescent lamps also known as tube
lights are more efficient than incandescent
lamps and have upto 20 times longer life
than incandescents.

• The shape of fluorescent lamp is tubular

and most are straight tubes.
• The standard 4’ tube is rated at 40 watts.

• In addition to the common 4’ and 8’(1.2m

and 2.4m) tube lengths, flourescent
lamps are also available in a U-shape.
• Since the tubes emit light throughout
their length, accurate beam control is not
possible.
• The average life of the fluorescent tube
is 12000 hours.
 BALLASTS---CHOKE

• All discharge lamps including

fluorescents, require a ballast for proper
operation.

An electrical ballast is a device
intended to limit the amount of
current flowing in an electric circuit.

The main function of an electrical

ballast is to ignite the lamp and limit
the supply of electrical current.
 2. INCANDESCENT

• It is a white, glowing with intense heat and

strikingly bright.
• The incandescent light bulb is a source of light
caused by heating the filament. They are made in
an extremely wide range of sizes, wattages, and
voltages.
• The problem with incandescents is you end up
paying more in electricity costs.
• Incandescents are inefficient – 90% of the energy
goes toward heat and only 10% toward light.
Incandescents also don't last as long as CFLs and
LEDs.
• Tungsten material (rare metal found naturally) is
used for light bulb filaments which has the highest
melting point.
Edison invented the first electric lamp in 1879.
Termed Edison lamp. The Edison lamps are
technically known as incandescent lamps and
generally as electric bulbs.

The glass envelope contains a mixture of nitrogen

and small amounts of other inert(without chemical
reaction) gases such as argon.

Advantages:
Low initial and replacement cost, compact size, The government plans to phase out the
simple installation, instant start. iconic incandescent bulbs by 2020, putting
gradual bans on production and sale starting
Disadvantages: with high voltage lamps, and encourage
Low efficacy, large heat gain, short lamp life. consumers to use energy efficient
alternatives.
3. HID’s ----- High Intensity Discharge Lamps

• There are five main types of HID lamps:

a) Metal halide.
b) High pressure sodium.
c) Low pressure sodium.
d) Mercury vapor.
e) Ceramic metal halide.
 A halide is a chemical compound
a. METAL HALIDE that contains a halogen.

• A metal-halide lamp is an electrical

lamp that produces light by an electric
arc through a gaseous mixture of
vaporized mercury and metal halides.
It is a type of high-intensity discharge
(HID) gas lamp.
• Lamp life is 6,000 to 15,000 hours.

used for vegetative growing

 b. HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM

Though HPS lamps are not as

efficient as LPS lamps, they
have excellent light spans
with life hour ratings of 16,000
– 24,000 hours and are also Traditionally used for
typically smaller in size. flowering production and fruit
development in plants (red
c. LOW PRESSURE SODIUM
 d. MERCURY VAPOR

Light is produced by the

passage of electric current
through a vapour of mercury.
Takes time to light up, requires
a choke. More efficient than
incandescent filament lamps.
Used to light large areas such
as streets, gyms, sports
arenas, banks, or stores. 
 e. CERAMIC METAL HALIDE

• These are used for growing

plants.  (emittance of blue
wavelengths). On the other hand,
high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps
are traditionally used as a flowering
and production spectrum because
of its high emittance of red
wavelengths – which are most
efficient for inducing flowering and
promoting fruit development in
plants.  
4. CFL-----compact fluorescent lamp
 CFL-----compact fluorescent lamp

• CFLs are much smaller. They are still tubes but they are
“compact.” CFLs were designed to replace incandescent bulbs
as they are both more efficient and longer lasting. CFL
• The primary difference is in size; compact fluorescent bulbs are
made in special shapes to fit in standard household light
sockets. In addition, most compact fluorescent lamps have an
"integral" ballast that is built into the light bulb.

• KOCHI: In a bid to conserve power, the government has decided

to ban the sale of compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and filament
bulbs from November 2020, CFL bulbs give out UV rays and
are bad for the eyes. Only LED bulbs will be used for street
lights and lighting in government institutions.
• WHY CFL IS BANNED?
• CFLs contain toxic mercury which complicates their disposal. In many countries,
governments have banned the disposal of CFLs together with regular garbage.
• CFL bulbs produce significant levels of UV rays which are harmful to human skin. This
ultraviolet radiation can cause skin to age and burn and ultimately lead to skin cancer.
• Now CFLs, are slowly disappearing from stores. Home retailer IKEA stopped
selling them in all its locations last year, and now manufacturer GE will stop making
the bulbs in the United States.
• Efficiency—While incandescent bulbs and CFLs generate most of their energy in
heat, LEDs are cool to the touch—which translates into less wasted energy. ...
• LEDs are more efficient than even CFLs: A 16.5-watt LED bulb is equivalent to a
20-watt CFL and a 75-watt incandescent.
• CFLs are great for smaller areas like puja room, kitchen (if it is small), bathrooms, etc
where the light requirement is less. For bigger rooms like drawing rooms and
bedrooms, a tube lights are better.
IMAGES OF CFL
 5. LED Halogen-- The light-emitting diode
• WORKING PRINCIPLE: A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It emits light
when activated.
• What are the reasons behind success of LED bulbs in India?
• A seven-watt LED bulb can help you earn Rs 162 as an annual cost savings on the electricity bill
whereas a CFL of 14 watt helps save Rs 85.50.
• An LED bulb has a life expectancy of 50,000 hrs, a CFL 8,000 hrs and an incandescent 1,200 hrs.
• Made popular by their efficiency, range of color, and long lifespan, LED lights are ideal for numerous
applications including night lighting, art lighting, and outdoor lighting. These lights are also commonly
used in electronics and automotive industries, and for signage, traffic signals.
• LEDs don't produce heat in the form of infrared radiation, which makes incandescent bulbs hot to
touch.

• Last longer — LED bulbs last up to 10 times more than the compact fluorescents.
• Durable – since LEDs do not have a filament, they are not easily damaged.
• Cool – LEDs do not cause heat build-up.
• More efficient and Cost-effective.
• Only LED bulbs will be used for street lights and lighting in government institutions.
Fifth largest consumer of electricity, India is witnessing the ever-
growing gap between demand and supply of electricity. One of
the biggest drivers of filling this gap will be the adoption of LED
lights. While a majority of Indians still use incandescent bulbs in
their homes, the adoption of LED lighting is being propagated for
over five years now. The reason of slow adoption though is the
price of the bulb. LED bulbs are getting popular day by day in
India, due to rising electricity charges. Apart from being power
saver, LED bulbs are even environment friendly as well.
6. NEON LAMPS
NEON LAMPS

▪ Neon lighting consists
of brightly glowing,
electrified glass tubes or
bulbs that contain rarefied 
neon or other gases.

▪A high potential of
several thousand volts
 (5000V-10000V) applied to
the electrodes ionizes the
gas in the tube, causing it
to emit colored light by 
fluorescence.
▪The color of the light depends on
the gas in the tube. Neon lights were
named for neon, a noble gas which
gives off a popular orange light, but
other gases and chemicals are used to
produce other colors, such as hydrogen
 (red), helium(yellow), 
carbon dioxide (white),  mercury (blue). What we see at night
advertisement letters glowing
▪Neon tubes can be fabricated in are called neon lights.
curving artistic shapes, to form letters Glass tubes are bent into
or pictures. shapes of letters and filled with
neon gas.
▪They are mainly used to make When a high voltage of the
dramatic, multicolored glowing signage order of 5000V to 10000V are
 for advertising. applied to the ends of the
tube , a discharge takes
place(a flow of electric current)
and make the tube glow.
UNIT IV-- e) Types of Luminaires : Pendant Light, Uplighter,
Recessed ceiling light, wall washers etc.
 WALL WASHERS

A sconce is a type of light

fixture that is fixed to a
wall. The light is usually,
but not always, directed
upwards rather than
down. The sconce is a
very old form of fixture, TABLE LAMPS OR
historically used with TASK LIGHT
candles and oil lamps.
UPLIGHTER RECESSED
LIGHTING DESIGN

Successful lighting depends on acquainting yourself with the characteristics of

different light sources and the choice of fixtures and the environment in which the light
will be used. It carries with it a lot of emotional energy. The way we like to light our
spaces revolves around what we need the light for, since our tasks and activities
range very widely.

Fixture selection : Luminaire size should correlate with room size and ceiling height .
Some spaces require over all uniform illumination , while others can utilize general or
task lighting. Other factors to consider in selecting a fixture are the quality of light, ease
of installation, maintenance, cost and life. It is necessary to determine the number of
fixtures and the approximate spacing needed for the planned illumination level.

Maintenance factor: The lamps deteriorate with age and emit fewer lumens as they
are used. Dirt and dust collect on the luminares and reflecting surfaces of the room
affect the performance of light.
 1. PENDANT LIGHT

• A pendant light, sometimes called a drop or

suspender, is a lone light fixture that hangs from the
ceiling usually suspended by a cord, chain, or metal
rod. It's suspended like the pendant on a necklace,
and that's where it gets its name.
• Chandelier – Light suspended from the ceiling with
multiple light bulbs incorporated into the
single fixture. 
• One of the valuable things about a pendant fixture is
that it brings the light down from the ceiling. Pendant
lights can be very useful for task lighting, general
lighting, dining, kitchens, bedrooms and family rooms.
IMAGES OF PENDANT LIGHTS
CHANDELIERS
2. UPLIGHTER

• A lamp or wall light

designed or positioned
to cast its light
upwards.
• Uplighters are a great
way to create a warm,
inviting and comforting
ambience in your
home.
• As the name suggests
the shade pushes the
light upwards to soften
the overall effect.
Uplighters enhancing the wall texture
 3. RECESSED CEILING LIGHT
• Recessed lights, also known as can
lights, are described as metal light
housings installed in the ceiling for a
sleek look that gives you back your
ceiling. Their diameter generally varies
from 3” to 6.”
• If sed improperly, they can waste
electricity, provide poor lighting and
cause your heating and cooling bills to go
up.
• Kitchens are common places where
recessed lighting fixtures are used.
• Recessed lights are great options for low
ceilings as they do not protrude down
from the ceiling since they are flush with
the ceiling.
• PROS OF RECESSED LIGHTS

• They are installed flat to the ceiling,

making them good for narrow spaces
and low-ceilings.
• They can light an entire room without
taking up much space.
• They can be used in walls, floors,
and stairs.

• CONS

• Due to their small size, it can take

quite a few to achieve the desired
effect in a large room.
• Installation involves cutting a hole in
your ceiling.
 4. WALL WASHERS
• Wall washing illuminates a surface with
uniform brightness. Wall washing can
make spaces such as hallways or
narrow rooms appear brighter and
spacious.
• Mounted above the ceiling that
effectively wash up to 8-9 feet of vertical
wall space or at a wider angle. A
"wash" is a general "fill" of light and
color evenly across the wall.
• It's best to use wall washing on light-
coloured, matte finish walls. Wall
washing is a popular for illumination of
large surfaces. It is mainly used in
public cultural buildings, museums and
galleries; and in landscape lighting.
COLORED WALL WASHERS
( UPLIGHTERS)
TYPES OF TRACK LIGHT FIXTURES
34
• Valance lighting is
located in a wood,
metal or glass
valance (horizontal
shield) mounted
above a window or
high on the wall, and
the light bounces
both upward and
downward. ...

VALANCE LIGHTING
 UNIT IV f). 1. LIGHTING DESIGN OF A MUSEUM
• LIGHTING MUST SEEK TO INSPIRE THE VISITOR.
• Whether the focus is art or science, technology or history, the presentation needs to be appealing,
interesting and varied. And that is where lighting plays an important role: it creates visual experiences
in any exhibition, it helps to modulate and accentuate the visual experience, it enhances the impact of
the items on display. The visual ambience must not cause fatigue and confusion.
• Lighting is vital for spatial impression and enjoyment of art. Museum is also a place of research, where
collections are stored, preserved and managed. In some instances, the materials used on walls and
furniture play a key role in the lighting effect. For example, dark colour tends to absorb light, making
the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light clour does the opposite.
• Art Museum Lighting
Invest in LED lights. Any type of bulb that gives off too much heat is an automatic no-no for artwork.
• LEDs give off little ultraviolet radiation and heat. They are a good option if there is little space available
between the art and the light source.
• Halogen bulbs gives a close approximation of natural daylight. Colors appear sharper .
• ROUTE LIGHTING : In some exhibition rooms, visitors are free to move around in any direction. In
many others, they need to be ‘directed’. Luminaires which highlight routes without interfering with the
display areas on either side are a practical solution for this task. e.g. with LED lighting strip.

36
The lighting of museums spaces needs to highlight the texture, colour and shape of exhibits,
whether they are historic artefacts, modern art, 2D paintings or 3D sculptures.
• ROOM LIGHTING
• Lighting for exhibition rooms in museums is made up of diffuse and directional light. Resulting mix of
the two types of light determines the harshness of the shadows cast by picture frames and the three-
dimensional impact of sculptures and spatial objects.
• EXHIBIT LIGHTING
• Exhibit lighting uses hard- edged directional light to accentuate individual items on display. As a
general rule, it needs to be supplemented by softer room lighting. Exhibit lighting based on spots alone
is advisable only where a particularly dramatic effect is required. Otherwise, a stimulating spatial
experience is obtained with a mix of diffuse and directional lighting.
• DIFFUSE LIGHTING
• Diffuse lighting illuminates room zones or objects from a surface that radiates light in all directions, the
lighting produces little or no shadowing.
• DIRECTIONAL LIGHTING
• The light falls directly onto the object illuminated, striking it, or parts of it, uneven surfaces clearly
define shadows enhancing the visual impact of three-dimensional surfaces. 37
Larger wall displays benefit from even, uniform
wall washing. To achieve this, luminaires must be
correctly positioned to minimise the risk of visitors
casting a shadow.

Lighting plays a vital role in guiding visitors through

the museum, the moment a visitor sees the
exterior façade, the journey has begun. From
creating anticipation on arrival to communicating
drama lighting has a key role to play:
• – It can be used to alter the mood of the
exhibition space
• – It can be used to draw the eye to stunning
artwork and sculptures
• – The subtle play of light and dark can be used
to guide the visitor’s from entrance to exit.
 The optimum angle of illumination for
sculptures is 30°, to ensure that no
shadow is cast by onlookers. By using
a range of lower and higher intensity
narrow beams, arranged at this
optimum angle of incidence, the natural
beauty of the exhibit can be brought to
life and allowed to shine.

• Narrow beam accent lighting brings

high illuminance to sculptures and
paintings, leaving the visitor in no
doubt of what is the centre of
attraction in the space. Wall washing
however is of particular interest in
lighting larger artwork and brings a
spacious aspect to the room.
• Making the artefact the centre of
attention should be the key aim of all
museum lighting. Highlighting plays a
vital role in drawing out an object’s
natural beauty and bringing it to life
before the visitor’s eyes. The use of
directed light gives deep contrast
between light and dark on the exhibit.
• Framing is also useful when a sharp-
edged beam is required to make a
specific 2D object seem to ‘jump off
the wall’. Thanks to the precision of
the beam, it gives the appearance
that the image is glowing from within
itself, rather than from being
externally lit.
• Putting daylight into a space provides a
connection to the outside world and the
fact that it is dynamic helps the visitor to
interpret the architecture of the space,
feeling more comfortable within it.
• In terms of quality of light, daylight is
unique; its colour rendering is superb,
however the potential damage from
sunlight can cause in terms of UV
radiation and heat has to be taken into
account.
• Daylight can still be used within museum
and gallery spaces, as long as it is
controlled and diffused. In addition,
daylight colour temperatures change
throughout the day, season and year.
 UNIT IV f). 2. LIGHTING DESIGN FOR AUDITORIUM-a study
• DESIGN CONCEPT : It is to provide various scenes for the different tasks of the space. The space
should provide a user friendly control system with the scene selection at the touch of a button.
• DESIGN CRITERIA APPEARANCE OF SPACE AND LUMINAIRES
• The appearance of the space and luminaires is important in the auditorium. The auditorium will hold
seminars with special speakers; therefore, the lighting need to be aesthetically pleasing.
• LIGHT DISTRIBUTION ON SURFACES : Harsh patterns of excessive brightness or noticeable
shadows should be avoided.
• Therefore, four 49” diameter decorative chandelier fixtures have been designed around the central area
of the auditorium.  The fixtures are large enough to deliver a strong message to an entering audience.
CONTROLS : A principal criterion for the auditorium is the ability to have dimmable control.  A likely
scenario for dimming control would be to dim the some of the fixtures independently from the other
fixtures. Each type chandelier fixture will have its own switch located next to the dimming cabinet  since
these luminaires are for decorative appearance more than light level requirements. The dimming zones
can actually benefit daytime activities as well.  For example, during a daytime assembly in which the
occupants underneath the balcony are not receiving enough light, hence few lights can remain on
while the other fixtures are turned off or dimmed to an appropriate level.
1.CHOOSE YOUR FOCAL POINT: Most auditoriums are set up so that the audience looks at a stage
hence Lighting can be used to direct attention to this area. (directional spotlights or track lighting),
depending on the size of the location. For smaller areas, properly placed track lighting can be sufficient,
but larger locations will definitely require more focused light with a spotlight or floodlight.
2.CONSIDER PLACEMENT : When positioning your lights, aim them higher than the focal point itself.
This will help to reduce glare.
3.HAVE THREE ZONES OF LIGHTING: The first one would be the lights that project towards a screen
on the stage if needed. The second layer would be presenter lights which shed illumination on the
person presenting or speaking. The third layer is the audience lighting. Each layer should be visible
without straining the eyes of the audience.
4. BRIGHTNESS : It can also be straining for the eyes if you are sitting in the dark
while staring at a screen or stage with bright lights. A great tip is to install dimmers on this area of
auditorium lighting so you can have more control over the lighting levels.
5. FOCUS ON ARTIFICIAL LIGHT MORE THAN NATURAL LIGHT : Natural light can’t be turned down
or turned off the way artificial light can. This element of control is crucial for auditorium settings.
• LIGHTING : By the help of lighting the director can draw your attention towards a point where he
wants the audience to see or to hide something from the audience. The light can reveal the presence
of the actor, objects or any form on the stage. More importantly light reveals the mood of the play.
• Dimming the lights can make the performance feel more dramatic. Bright lights can make
the performance feel confusing and even terrifying.
• LED AUDITORIUM LIGHTING FEATURES
• LED LIGHTS are the preferred choice for auditorium lighting because it helps reduce lighting costs.
They offer amazing quality light for hallways, theater seating, the stage.
• FLICKER-FREE : Flickering would instantly cause a panic. Moreover, photography and filming are also
common in auditoriums such as in the case of a concert. Since LEDs never buzz or flicker, no issue will
be faced by the audience. In addition to this, LEDs require no warm up time. You can instantly switch
them on, off, or dim them as much or as little as you like.
• IMPROVED SAFETY : It offers LED lighting for every part of the auditorium including the parking lot
as it requires safety for people to visit and leave.
• DIMMABLE AND CONTROL SYSTEM : You will be able to instantly dim the lights and control the
brightness as you please. Intelligent Stage Effect Lighting takes a show to another big level.
• STUDY OF DESIGN SOLUTION : The design consists of three types of luminaires:
• 1. 6” compact fluorescent downlight
• 2. 8” high wattage compact fluorescent downlight
• 3. 49” Diameter, 53” high decorative chandelier
• The 6” aperture compact fluorescent downlights have been designed both   in the ceiling above the
balcony and the ceiling below the balcony.  These fixtures are meant to provide general lighting to get
the occupant to his/her seat safely while marking the aisles.   
• Metal halide fixtures would easily be able to adequately illuminate the floor.
Each type H chandelier
will have its own switch
located next to the dimming
cabinet which are for
decorative appearance
more than light level
requirements. The dimming
zones can actually benefit
daytime activities as
well.  For example, during a
daytime assembly in which
the occupants underneath
the balcony are not
receiving enough light, the
type G fixtures can remain
off while the type A fixtures
are turned on and dimmed
to an appropriate level.
LIGHTING OF GROUND FLOOR PLAN
IMAGES OF AN AUDITORIUM LIGHTING DESIGN

53
INTELLIGENT STAGE EFFECT LIGHTING
UNIT IV f). 3. GARDEN LIGHTING

• Follow these simple steps to create garden lighting plan.

1: Sketch your garden area. ...
1. Consider what areas need the most lighting. ...
2. Determine the type of lighting and direction point. ...needed.
3. Selecting the right voltage and appropriate lighting techniques.
4. Select the fixtures and accessories that give you the desired effect.
• A LIGHTING GUIDE FOR GARDENS
• Some types.-------- Recessed lights. . Sleek wall lights. .. Fairy lights. . Hanging lights. ...
Strip lighting. ... Up lights.
• Use fairy lights for the plants on your
patio. Lights  over the patio or terrace
at night, look like stars or fireflies.
• 40 watts and lower is ideal for lighting
pathways and garden beds. 40-80 are great
for brightening areas like driveways and
smaller yards.

• Common wires for landscape lighting are 10-,

12-, 14-, or 16-gauge wires(better to use 10
to12)  Best outdoor lighting to create the
perfect atmosphere for a party are rope
lights, string lights or post lighting around a
patio or pool.

• Lighting along your driveway or walkway can

also add style while welcoming visitors.
Outdoor lighting fixtures are designed to
be weatherproof.
IMAGES OF GARDEN LIGHTING
WATER PROOF GARDEN LIGHTING
UNIT IV f). 4. LIGHTING OF LIBRARIES

HID sources are often used in public spaces such as lobbies or main reading rooms because they can
provide much higher levels of light over greater distances than fluorescent sources.

LIGHTING IN GENERAL READING AND STAFF AREAS

General lighting needs to suit a wide range of activities, and it must be flexible to suit present and future
tasks.. Glare reduction is a primary concern, especially where computers are prevalent.

INDIRECT LIGHTING
Use indirect lighting which results in reflected light being very soft, shadow-free, and low-glare.
Indirect lighting works well for both paper-based and computer tasks in rooms.

DIRECT LIGHTING
Direct lighting uses lights to illuminate the reading tables. The down lights can be as small as 6" diameter
fixtures with compact fluorescent or metal halide lamps.

68
LIGHTING FOR BOOKSTACKS

Bookstacks must be lit adequately so

patrons can find books and also staff
can spend long
hours shelving books without visual
discomfort.

PARALLEL SCHEME

The parallel scheme uses a single row

of one-lamp linear fluorescent fixtures
centered above each aisle. The fixtures
must distribute light evenly across the
stacks, with adequate light reaching
bottom shelf and no dark areas at the
top shelf.
PERPENDICULAR SCHEME

The perpendicular scheme uses

rows of linear fluorescent fixtures
running at right angles to the
stacks (7'-0" to 9’-0”C/C).
this scheme can easily be
coordinated with the ceiling grid,
and it works especially well above
compact shelving where there are
no fixed aisles. The perpendicular
scheme uses fewer fixtures than
the parallel scheme.
• THE INDIRECT SCHEME uses up lights on
top of the stacks or suspended from the
ceiling. All of the light is reflected off the
ceiling, so the illumination on the stacks is
very soft, and the entire range of stacks
appears to have a pleasant glow.
• LIGHTING IN
GENERAL READING
AND STAFF AREAS
• Glare reduction is a
primary concern,
especially where
computers are prevalent.

• Indirect lighting uses

fluorescent or metal
halide lamps resulting
reflected light which is
very soft, shadow-free,
and low-glare.
 TASK LIGHTING should be provided in
all staff workstations. Movable lamps
are best because they allow users to
adjust the lighting to their needs.

• DAYLIGHTING Effective use of daylighting

can reduce energy consumption. However,
uncontrolled daylighting can be a source of
glare and can damage sensitive materials.
Where direct sun is allowed to enter
reading areas, adjustable window
coverings should be provided.
• EXTERIOR LIGHTING Parking areas,
steps, ramps, paths, plazas, doorways, and
potential hiding places should be
adequately lit for safety and security.
• LIGHTING CONTROLS : Lighting circuits
should be turned on and off by a control
system that allows flexible timed
programming for each circuit.
 END OF UNIT 4

THANK YOU FOR WATCHING AND LISTENING