Module 2

Devices and communication buses for devices N/W

Synchronous serial I/P
In synchronous communication clock information is transmitted explicitly or
implicitly.
The receiver clock constantly maintains constant phase difference with
transmitter clock.
Synchronous serial I/P

The sender along with the serial bits also sends the clock pulses SCLK (serial clock) to the receiver port pin.

The port synchronizes the serial data input bits with clock bits.

Each bit in each byte as well as each byte in synchronization

Synchronization means separation by a constant interval or phase difference.

If clock period = T, then each byte at the port is received at input in period = 8T.

The bytes are received at constant rates.

Each byte at input port separates by 8T and data transfer rate for the serial line bits is (1/T) bps. [1bps = 1 bit per s]
Asynchronous Communication
When a byte of data is received or transmitted at a variable time intervals then the communication is called asynchronous
Communication.
Characteristics of asynchronous communication are
Bytes need not maintain constant phase difference. Bytes can be sent at variable time intervals
The transmitter does not transmit any clock rate information along with serial stream of bits.
The data transmitted contains a start bit, data bits, p-bit (optional, parity bit) and stop bit.
Serial data communication using SPI (Synchronous Peripheral Interface) Port
SPI has full duplex synchronous communication.
SPI circuit is a synchronous serial data link that provides communication with external devices in Master or
Slave Mode.
SPI is programmable as master or slave using SS pin (Slave Select pin)

SPI is essentially a shift register that serially transmits data bits to other SPIs. 
During a data transfer, one SPI system acts as the "master" which controls the data flow, while the other
devices act as "slaves" which have data shifted into and out by the master.
Serial data communication using SCI (Serial Connect Interface) Port
SCI is a UART asynchronous mode port.
Communication is full duplex mode for the SCI transmitter and receiver.
SCI baud rates are fixed as pre scaling bits.

SCI receiver has a wakeup feature and is programmable by RWU (Receiver Wakeup Unavailable) bit.

It is enabled if RWU is set and is disabled if RWU is reset.

RWU feature helps in IPC
Serial Interface SI (Serial Interface) Port
SI is a UART asynchronous mode port.
It also functions as USRT (Universal Synchronous Receiver and Transmitter)
SI operates in one of the following ways
1. Half Duplex synchronous mode operation
2. Full Duplex asynchronous serial communication.
Timer and Counting Device
Timer - A device, which counts the input at regular interval (δT) using clock
pulses at its input.
The counts are stored and incremented on each pulse. It has o/p bits for the
period of counts.
Counter - A device, which counts the input due to the events at irregular or
regular intervals.
The counts gives the number of input events or pulses since it was last read.
Has a register to enable read of present counts.
Functions as timer when counting regular interval clock pulses
When a timer or counter becomes 0x00 or 0x0000 after 0xFF or 0xFFFF
(maximum value), it can generate an ‘interrupt’, or an output ‘Time-Out’ or set
a status bit ‘TOV’
Watchdog Timer
A timing device such that it is set for a preset time interval and an event must occur during that interval else
the device will generate the timeout signal on failure to get that event in the watched time interval.
On that event, the watchdog timer is disabled for generation of timeout or reset
Timeout may result in processor starting a service routine or start from beginning
Assume that we anticipate that a set of tasks must finish in 100 ms interval.
The watchdog timer is disabled and stopped by the program instruction in case the tasks finish within 100 ms
interval.
In case task does not finish (not disabled by a program instruction), watchdog timer generates interrupts after
100 ms and executes a routine, which is programmed to run because there is failure of finishing the task in
anticipated interval.
An application in mobile phone is that display is off in case no GUI interaction takes place within a watched
time interval.
Real Time Clock
A clock based on the interrupts at preset intervals
An interrupt service routine executes on each timeout (overflow) of this clock
A timing device once started never resets or never reloaded with another value
Once it is set, it is not modified later
Used in a system to save the time and date
Serial bus communication protocols
I2C Bus – Inter Integrated Circuit bus
It was originally developed at Philips semiconductors.
I2C bus has 2 lines to carry its signals.
One line for clock and one line for bidirectional data.
I2C Bus – Inter Integrated Circuit bus
Each device has an address using which data transfer take place.
First field is a start bit.
Second field is 7 bits used for address field. It defines the slave address.
Third field is 1 control bit it defines whether the read or write cycle is in progress.
Fourth field is 1 bit acknowledgement field which indicate whether
present data is an acknowledgement.
Fifth field is 8 bit data bits.
Sixth bit is negative acknowledgement
Seventh bit is 1 stop bit.
CAN bus (Controller Area N/W)
An automobile uses number of distributed embedded controllers in brakes,
air conditioning, temperature control etc.
These embedded controllers must n/w through a bus.
CAN is a bus standard mainly used in vehicles.
The CAN controller has a BIU (bus interface unit consisting of buffer and
driver), protocol controller, status-cumcontrol registers, receiver-buffer and
message objects
These connect the host node through the host interface circuit
CAN bus (Controller Area N/W)
CAN serial line is pulled to logic level 1 by a resistor. Line at logic 1 is called
recessive state.
Line at logic 0 is called dominant state.
A node sends the data bits as a data frame. Data frame always start with 1 and
always ends with 7 zeros.
There is an arbitration method called CSMA/AMP (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Arbitration on Message Priority). A node stops transmitting on
sensing a dominant bit which indicate that another node is transmitting.
USB Bus
A bus between the host system and interconnected number of peripheral
devices
Serial transmission and reception between host and serial devices
A USB host can support up to 127 devices
Three standards:
USB 1.1 (a low speed 1.5 Mbps 3 meter channel along with a high speed 12
Mbps 25 meter channel)
USB 2.0 (high speed 480 Mbps 25 meter channel), and wireless USB (high
speed 480 Mbps 3 m)
Wireless USB (High speed 480 Mbps 3meter channel)
USB can be attached, configured and used.
Attaching and detaching of devices can be done without rebooting.
Parallel Bus
Parallel bus enables a host computer or system to communicate
simultaneously 32-bit or 64-bit with other devices or systems.
For example to a network interface card (NIC) or graphic card
When the I/O devices in the distributed embedded subsystems are networked
all can communicate through a common parallel bus.
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus
PCI 32bit/33 MHz, and 64bit/66 MHz
PCI Extended (PCI/X) 64 bit/100 MHz ,
Compact PCI (cPCI) Bus
PCI provides superior throughput
PCI busses are almost independent.
PCI driver can access h/w automatically as well as by address assigned by the
programmer.
Internet enabled embedded system
Communication to other system on the Internet.
Uses html (hyper text markup language) or MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extension) type files
Uses TCP (transport control protocol) or UDP (user datagram protocol) as
transport layer protocol
HTTP – (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
HTTP is an application layer protocol
It is a standard protocol for requesting a URL (Universal Resource Locator). An
http client requests an HTTP server on the internet and the server responds by
sending a response.
HTTP is a stateless protocol, for each request the protocol assumes a fresh
request. There is no session or sequence number field
HTTP
Some applications like e-commerce needs state management mechanism
which can be achieved using cookies.
Cookie is a small text file that are placed on client computer by server.
HTTP is very light and fast compared to other protocols.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
It is used in transport layer.
It is a Connection oriented protocol.
TCP is used for a full duplex acknowledged flow.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP is connection less and stateless transport protocol in TCP/IP suite
UDP supports the broadcast networking mode.
Wireless and mobile system protocols
Wireless devices - Radio frequencies communication over short and long
distances
WLAN IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi)
IEEE standards 802.11a to 802.11g
802.11a data transfer rates─ 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps
802.11b data transfer rates─ 5.5 Mbps and 2 Mbps
802.11b is called wireless fidelity (WiFi)
802.11 provides specifications for physical layer and data link layer.
The DLL specifies a MAC layer which uses (CSMA/CD)
There is a packet called RTS (Request to Send) which is sent first if the other
end responses by the packet call CTS (Clear To Send) then the data is
transmitted.
ZigBee
IEEE standard 802.15.4 protocol
It is a physical layer protocol operates 2.4 GHz band carrier frequencies with
DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum)
Supports range up to 70 m
Data transfer rate supported 250 kbps
Supports sixteen channels
Self-organizing and supports peer-to-peer and mesh networks
Self-organizing means detects nearby Zigbee device and establishes
communication and network
Communication latency 30 ms
Protocol stack overhead 28 kB
IrDA (Infrared Data Association)
Used in mobile phones, digital cameras, keyboard, mouse, printers to
communicate to laptop computer and for data and pictures download and
synchronization.
IrDA has 3 layers of operation
Physical layer- It supports data transfer rates at 9.6kbps to 115.2kbps and
115.2kbps to 4Mbps
Intermediate layer is data link layer.
The upper layer is transport layer.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a IEEE standard 802.15.1 protocol.
Supports automatic self-discovery.
Supports self-organization of network in number of devices.
Bluetooth device self discovers nearby devices (< 10m) and they synchronize
and form WPAN (wireless personal area network).
Bluetooth protocol supports power control so that the devices communicate at
minimum required power level.
Communication latency is 3 s
Large protocol stack overhead of 250 kB.
Provision of encrypted secure communication, self-discovery and self-
organization and radio based communication between tiny antennae are three
main features of Bluetooth