Basic Data & Phase Behavior

Present By:

Asma Al Alawi
Suha Al Balushi
Marwa Al Naabi

Date: 5th Aug 2015

Agenda

 Phase Behavior
- Definition & Diagram.
- Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon System.
- Several terms used to define the location of various points on the phase behavior .
- Effect of composition on phase behavior.
- Effect of impurities on phase behavior.
- Phase Behavior of Reservoirs:
1- Dry gas
2- Wet gas
3- Gas condensate
4- Volatile oil
5- Black oil
 Basic Data
- Equations of State (EOS).
- Ideal Gas Formula.
- Equations of State for High Pressure Equilibria and Critical Phenomena.
- Two-stage Compression modeling by UniSim.

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Phase Behavior (Definition & Diagram)

▪ It is a diagram which shows the

region of temperature and pressure
of which a mixture forms in different
phases. It show conditions at which
thermodynamically distinct phases
can occur at equilibrium.
.

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Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon System

▪ Phase behavior of single component:

▪ At equilibrium a single component which comprising of one kind of atoms can change phase by adding or
removing energy. This can be represented by the PT and PV diagram which shown below:

PV Phase behavior of single component PT Phase behavior of single component

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Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon System

▪ Phase behavior of multi component:

▪ In a Multi component system composition is an important parameter in the phase envelope. It can be
represented as seen below:

PV Phase behavior of multi component PT Phase behavior of multi component

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Several terms used to define the location of various points
on the phase behavior

▪ Cricondenbar:
▪ Its maximum pressure at which liquid and vapor phase
can exist at equilibrium (point N).

▪ Cricondentherm:
▪ Its maximum temperature at which liquid and vapor
phase can exist at equilibrium (point M).

▪ Retrograde Region:
▪ That’s area which is inside phase envelope where
condensation of liquid occurs by lowering pressure or
increasing temperature (opposite of normal behavior).

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Several terms used to define the location of various
points on the phase behavior

▪ Critical Point:
▪ It is the end point of a phase envelope curve which
phase boundaries vanished. In the vicinity of the critical
point, the physical properties of the liquid and the vapor
change dramatically, with both phases becoming ever
more similar.

▪ Bubble point:
▪ It is when a liquid forms the first bubble of vapour and
begins to evaporate.

▪ Dew Point:
▪ It is when a vapour forms the first droplet of liquid and
begins to condense.

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Effect of composition on phase behavior

▪ The composition has a significant effect on the shape and

location of the phase envelope.

▪ It’s methane-propane binary system, shows the effect of

composition on the shape and location of phase envelope.

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Effect of impurities on phase behavior

▪ Hydrocarbons are frequently produced with non-

hydrocarbon impurities. The most common are: H2O,
CO2, H2S, and N2.

▪ H2O has low vapor pressure and virtually immiscible in

hydrocarbon liquid phase so it does not have a significant
effect on the shape of the hydrocarbon phase envelope
except at high temperature and low pressure.

▪ CO2 & H2S have lower cricondenbar of the mixture. If

sufficient quantities of the CO2 & H2S are added to a
reservoir fluid, the reservoir pressure is kept above the
phase envelope.

▪ N2 has raises the cricondenbar and decreases miscibility.

It is typically used for pressure maintenance.

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Phase Behavior of Reservoirs

Hydrocarbon reservoirs are usually classified into five main types:

· Dry gas
· Wet gas
· Gas condensate
· Volatile oil
· Black oil

PT Phase Envelopes for Hydrocarbon reservoirs

Dry Gas Reservoirs

- Composed of methane and non-hydrocarbon.

- Reservoir temperature is above the cricondentherm of the hydrocarbon system.
- During production the fluids are reduced in temperature and pressure.
- The hydrocarbon mixture exist as a gas, both in the reservoir and the surface facility.
- Kinetic energy of mixture is high.
- GOR greater than 100000 scf/STB.
Component Dry Gas

CO2 0.10
N2 2.07
C1 86.12
C2 5.91
C3 3.58
iC4 1.72
nC4 -
iC5 0.50
nC5 -
C6s -
C7+ -

Typical Mol% Compositions of Fluids

Produced from Dry Gas Reservoir PT Phase Diagram for a Dry Gas
Wet Gas Reservoirs

- Reservoir temperature is above the cricondentherm of the hydrocarbon system.

- Reservoir fluids remains in the vapor phase region.
- As the produced gas flow to the surface, temperature and pressure of the gas decline.
- GOR between 60000 -100000 scf/STB.

Component Wet Gas

CO2 1.41
N2 0.25
C1 92.46
C2 3.18
C3 1.01
iC4 0.28
nC4 0.24
iC5 0.13
nC5 0.08
C6s 0.14
C7+ 0.82
Typical Mol% Compositions of Fluids
PT Phase Diagram for a Wet Gas
Produced from Wet Gas Reservoir
Gas Condensate Reservoirs

- Reservoir temperature is near the critical temperature.

- Decline in pressure (isothermally) to the dew point, liquid forms in the reservoir.
- Rapid liquid buildup immediately occurs below the dew point.
- GOR exceed 3000 scf/STB

Typical phase diagram for a gas condensate reservoir Liquid shrinkage curve for a gas condensate system
Volatile Oil Reservoirs

- The reservoir PT conditions place inside the phase envelop.

- GOR between 2000-3200 scf/STB

Component Volatile Oil

CO2 1.82
N2 0.24
C1 57.60
C2 7.35
C3 4.21
iC4 0.74
nC4 2.07
iC5 0.53
nC5 0.95
C6s 1.92
C7+ 22.57

Typical Mol% Compositions of Fluids

Typical Phase Diagram for Volatile Oil Reservoir
Produced from Volatile Oil Reservoir

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Black Oil Reservoirs

- Reservoir temperature is much lower than the temperature of the critical point of the system, and
at pressure above the cricondenbar.
- The reservoir is undersaturated.
- No gas formed until the pressure reaches the bubblepoint (saturated).
- GOR between 200-700 scf/STB (less than volatile oil).
Component Black Oil

CO2 0.02
N2 0.34
C1 34.62
C2 4.11
C3 1.01
iC4 0.76
nC4 0.49
iC5 0.43
nC5 0.21
C6s 1.16
C7+ 56.40

Typical Mol% Compositions of

Fluids Produced from Black Oil Typical Phase Diagram for Black Oil Reservoir
Reservoir
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Basic Data

- Equations of State (EOS)

It is a formula describing the interconnection between various macroscopically

measurable properties of a system. For physical states of matter, this equation usually
relates the thermodynamic variables of Pressure, Temperature, Volume and Number
of atoms to one another.

- The equation of state is of the form f(P,V,T)=0

- Degree of Freedom

F=C-P+2
C = number of components.
P = number of phases in thermodynamic equilibrium.

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Basic Data

• Ideal gas properties

Volume of gas molecules is negligible compared with gas volume.
Forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules or walls of container are zero.
No loss of internal energy due to collisions.

• Ideal Gas Formula

PV = nRT
P = pressure (N/m²)(or Pa)
V = volume (m³)
n = number of moles
T = temperature (K)
R = gas constant (8.31 J/(K·mole))

Ideal gas and real gas behavior

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Basic Data

- Equations of State for High Pressure Equilibria and Critical Phenomena

- Cubic Equations of State

• Van der Waals equation

- Composed from the contribution of repulsive and attractive intermolecular interactions.

- The first equation capable of representing vapour-liquid coexistence.
- Parameter a is a measure of the attractive forces between the molecules, and b is related
to the size of the molecules.

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Basic Data

Examples of improved cubic equation of state

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Simulation Programs

▪ Here are some of the simulation programs:

▪ UNISIM Design(by Honeywell): Steady state and dynamic process simulation program. It is the primary
simulation tool in Shell E&P. It contains a large number of property methods, pure component properties
and databanks with binary interaction parameters.

▪ PIPESIM(by Schlumberger): steady-state, multiphase flow simulator used for the design of pipeline
networks for oil & gas production system.

▪ ProMax(by Bryan Research and Engineering): this is a general HC processing simulator. Its used for
simulation of glycol systems (MEG, DEG, TEG). It uses a modified SRK equation of state for tuning its
parameters. It is also used for simulation of amine units, Claus Plants, tail gas units and sour water
strippers.

▪ C7PLUS: it converts a reported heavy-end fraction of a hydrocarbon stream into a number of pseudo-
components. This may be tuned to match laboratory PVT data or well test results.

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Process Modeling by UniSim

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Phase Behavior of Stream 3

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Phase Behavior of Stream 10

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Phase Behavior of Stream 13

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Phase Behavior of Stream 1

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References

▪ Equations of State and PVT Analysis, Applications for Improved Reservoir Modeling, Tarek Ahmed,
Ph.D., P.E. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston.
▪ Gas Conditioning Processing. Vol.1: Basic Principles, Johan M. Campbell, 8th edition.

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