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STAT

Data is a collection of facts from various sources that are presented, collected, and analyzed. To be considered data, numeric or non-numeric information must be contextualized by answering who, what, when, where, why, and how questions. Key aspects of data include that it is a responsibility of citizens to provide accurate information, data confidentiality is important, data to be collected must be clarified beforehand, and data must be contextualized. Variables can be qualitative like gender or quantitative like height, and quantitative variables can be discrete like number of siblings or continuous like weight.

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51 views13 pages

STAT

Data is a collection of facts from various sources that are presented, collected, and analyzed. To be considered data, numeric or non-numeric information must be contextualized by answering who, what, when, where, why, and how questions. Key aspects of data include that it is a responsibility of citizens to provide accurate information, data confidentiality is important, data to be collected must be clarified beforehand, and data must be contextualized. Variables can be qualitative like gender or quantitative like height, and quantitative variables can be discrete like number of siblings or continuous like weight.

Uploaded by

Chels Tero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA

COLLECTION
DATA
It a collection of facts from experiments, observations, sample surveys and
censuses, and administrative reporting systems). data are facts and figures
that are presented, collected and analyzed. Data are either numeric or non-
numeric and must be contextualized.
TAKE A LOOK AT THIS EXAMPLE

3, red, F, 156, 4, 65, 50, 25, 1, M, 9, 40, 68, blue, 78, 168, 69, 3, F,
6, 9, 45,50, 20, 200, white, 2, pink, 160, 5, 60, 100, 15, 9, 8, 41,
65, black, 68, 165, 59, 7, 6, 35, 45

• Although the collection is composed of numbers and symbols that could be classified as numeric or
non-numeric, the collection has no meaning or it is not contextualized, hence it cannot be referred to
as data.
TO CONTEXTUALIZE DATA, WE MUST IDENTIFY ITS SIX W’S OR TO
PUT MEANING ON THE DATA, WE MUST KNOW THE FOLLOWING W’S OF THE
DATA:

1. Who? Who provided the data?


2. What? What are the information from the respondents and What is the unit of
measurement used for each of the information (if there are any)?
3. When? When was the data collected?
4. Where? Where was the data collected?
5. Why? Why was the data collected?
6. HoW? HoW was the data collected?
KEY POINTS

• Providing correct information in a government data collection activity is a responsibility of


every citizen in the country.
• Data confidentiality is important in a data collection activity.
• Census is collecting data from all possible respondents.
• Data to be collected must be clarified before the actual data collection.
• Data must be contextualized by answering six W-questions.
BASIC TERMS IN
STATISTICS
BASIC TERMS

• Universe as the collection or set of units or entities from whom


we got the data.
• A variable is a characteristic that is observable or measurable
in every unit of the universe.
• The set of all possible values of a variable is referred to as a
population.
• A subgroup of a universe or of a population is a sample.
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE

• Qualitative variables express a categorical attribute, such as sex (male or female),


religion, marital status, region of residence, highest educational attainment.
Qualitative variables do not strictly take on numeric values (although we can have
numeric codes for them, e.g., for sex variable, 1 and 2 may refer to male, and female,
respectively). Qualitative data answer questions “what kind.” Sometimes, there is a
sense of ordering in qualitative data, e.g., income data grouped into high, middle and
low-income status. Data on sex or religion do not have the sense of ordering, as there
is no such thing as a weaker or stronger sex, and a better or worse religion.
Qualitative variables are sometimes referred to as categorical variables.
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
• Quantitative (otherwise called numerical) data, whose sizes are meaningful, answer questions such as “how
much” or “how many”. Quantitative variables have actual units of measure. Examples of quantitative
variables include the height, weight, number of registered cars, household size, and total household
expenditures/income of survey respondents. Quantitative data may be further classified into:

 Discrete data are those data that can be counted, e.g., the number of days for cellphones to fail, the ages
of survey respondents measured to the nearest year, and the number of patients in a hospital. These data
assume only (a finite or infinitely) countable number of values.

 Continuous data are those that can be measured, e.g. the exact height of a survey respondent and the
exact volume of some liquid substance. The possible values are uncountably infinite.
TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLE TYPE OF VARIABLE
VARIABLE
CLASS STUDENT NUMBER QUALITATIVE
SEX QUALITATIVE
NUMBER OF SIBLINGS QUANTITATIVE DISCRETE
WEIGHT (IN KILOGRAMS) QUANTITATIVE CONTINUOUS
HEIGHT (IN CENTIMETERS) QUANTITATIVE CONTINUOUS
AGE OF MOTHER QUANTITATIVE DISCRETE
USUAL DAILY ALLOWANCE (IN
QUANTITATIVE DISCRETE
PESOS)
USUAL DAILY FOOD
QUANTITATIVE DISCRETE
EXPENDITURE ( IN PESOS)
USUAL NUMBER OF TEXT
QUANTITATIVE DISCRETE
MESSAGES SENT IN A DAY
USUAL SLEEPING TIME QUALITATIVE
MOST PREFERRED COLOR QUALITATIVE
HAPPINESS INDEX FOR THE DAY QUALITATIVE
KEY POINTS

• A universe is a collection of units from which the data were gathered.


• A variable is a characteristic we observed or measured from every element of the
universe.
• A population is a set of all possible values of a variable.
• A sample is a subgroup of a universe or a population.
• In a study there is only one universe but could have several populations.
• Variables could be classified as qualitative or quantitative, and the latter could be
further classified as discrete or continuous.

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