STARTING IN NAME OF

GOD ALMIGHTY
THE
COMPASSIONATE,THE
MERCIFUL
GROUP IMFORMATION:
MEMBERS:
1. ROOHA LAL (BSEE01153028)
2. RIMSHA NASIR (BSEE01153194)
SECTION: A
DATE: FRIDAY,20TH APRIL.
CHP. 23
PROTECTION OF BUSBARS AND LINES
 What is bus bar?
Bus is derived from a latin word OMNIBUS (Common to all).
Nerve center of the power system where various circuits are connected together.
What are causes of fault’s in bus bar?

 breakdown of insulation because of over voltages, foreign

objects , etc.
Weakening of insulation because of ageing , corrosion, salty
water ,etc.
Methods of protection:
1. DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
2. FAULT BUS PROTECTION
 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Basic busbar protection: currents entering and leaving are totalized.
1. During Normal load condition: sum of entering and leaving currents is equal to zero. And
when fault occurs , fault current upsets the balance and produces a differential current to
operate a relay.
2. Under normal load conditions: (external fault conditions) sum of currents entering the bus
is equal to those leaving it and no currents flows through the relay.
If fault occurs within the protected zone, the current entering the bus will no longer be equal
to those leaving it . The difference of these currents will flow through the relay and cause the
opening to the generator, circuit breaker and each of the line circuit breakers.
• Bus bar is fed by generator &
supplies load to two line.
• Current transformers in generator
lead, in line 1 and in line 2 are all
connected in parallel
• The protective relay Is connected
across this parallel connection
• All the CT’s must be of the same
ratio in the scheme regardless of
the capacities of the various
circuits.
FAULT BUS PRTECTION
It is possible to design a station so the fault that occurs are mostly earth faults. This can be
achieved by providing earth metal barrier(know as fault bus) surrounding each conductor
throughout its entire length in bus structure .
With this arrangement every fault that might occurs must have connection between conductor
and earth metal part.
By directing the flow of earth fault current , it is possible to detect the faults and determine
their location . This type of protection is known as fault bus protection.
Fig show the schematic
arrangement of fault bus
protection. The metal supporting
structure or fault bus is earthed
through a current transformer. A
relay is connected across the
secondary
of this CT. Under normal operating
conditions, there is no current flow
from fault bus to ground and
the relay remains inoperative. A
fault involving a connection
between a conductor and earthed
supporting structure will result in
current flow to ground through the
fault bus, causing the relay to
operate. The operation of relay will
trip all breakers connecting
equipment to the bus.
Lines
An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to
transmit electrical energy along large distances.
Probability of fault occurring..
Probability of fault occurring in line is much more due to following reasons:
 greater length
Exposure to atmospheric conditions
Requirements of line protection:
In the event of short circuit, the circuit breaker closet to the fault should open, all other circuit
breakers remaining in a closed position.
In case the nearest breaker to the fault fails to open , back-up protection should be provided by
adjacent circuit breakers.
The relay operating time should be just as short as possible in order to preserve system
stability, without unnecessary tripping of circuits.
Methods of line protection:
Common methods of line protection are:
Time graded over current protection
Differential protection
Distance protection

x z
overcurrent non-directional directional differential inpedance
Time graded current protection
The time setting of relays is so graded that the event of fault, the smallest possible part of the
system is isolated .
1. Radial feeder
2. Parallel feeder
3. Ring main system
 Radial feeder
1. Main characteristic is that power can flow in one direction, from generator or supply end to
the load.
• Disadvantage:
Continuity of supply cannot be maintained at the receiving end in the event of fault.
• Methods:
I. Definite time relays
II. Inverse time relays
 Definite time relays
Fig shows the overcurrent protection of a radial
feeder by definite time relays.
Time of the operation is fixed and is independent of
the operating current .thus relay D has an operating
time of 0.5 sec while for the other relays time delay
is increased by 0.5 sec. if fault occurs in section DE,
it will be cleared by the relay in 0.5 second by the
relay and circuit breaker at D because all other
relays have higher operating time. In this way only
section DE of the system will be isolated. If the relay
at D fails to trip, the relay at C will operate after a
time delay of 0·5 second i.e. after 1 second from the
occurrence of fault.
Disadvantage of definite time relays
The disadvantage of this system is that if there are a number of feeders in series, the
tripping time for faults near the supply end becomes high (2 seconds in this case).
However, in most cases, it is necessary to limit the maximum tripping time to 2
seconds. This disadvantage can be overcome to a reasonable extent by using inverse-
time relays.
Inverse time relays
Fig shows overcurrent protection of a radial feeder using inverse time relays in which operating
time is inversely proportional to the operating current. With this arrangement, the farther the
circuit breaker from the generating station, the shorter is its relay operating time . The three
relays at A, B and C are assumed to have inverse-time characteristics . A fault in section BC will
give relay times which will allow breaker at B to trip out before the breaker at A.
 Parallel feeders
Where continuity of supply is particularly necessary,
two parallel feeders may be installed. If a fault occurs on
one feeder, it can be disconnected from the system and
continuity of supply can be maintained from the other
feeder. The parallel feeders cannot be protected by non-
directional overcurrent relays only . It is necessary to
use directional relays also and to grade the time setting
of relays for selective tripping's . shows the system
where two feeders are connected in parallel between
the generating station and the sub-station. The
protection of this system requires that:
(i) each feeder has a non-directional overcurrent relay at the generator end. These relays should
have inverse-time characteristic.
(ii) each feeder has a reverse power or directional relay at the sub-station end. These relays
should be instantaneous type and operate only when power flows in the reverse direction i.e. in the
direction of arrow at P and Q.
Suppose an earth fault occurs on feeder 1 as shown in Fig. 23.6. It is desired that only circuit
breakers at A and P should open to clear the fault whereas feeder 2 should remain intact to
maintain the continuity of supply. In fact, the above arrangement accomplishes this job. The
shown fault is fed via two routes, viz.
(a) directly from feeder 1 via the relay A
(b) from feeder 2 via B, Q, sub-station and P
Therefore, power flow in relay Q will be in normal direction but is reversed in the relay P. This
causes the opening of circuit breaker at P. Also the relay A will operate while relay B remains
inoperative. It is because these relays have inverse-time characteristics and current flowing in
relay A is inexcess of that flowing in relay B. In this way only the faulty feeder is isolated.
Ring main system
In this system, various power stations or sub-stations are
interconnected by alternate routes, thus forming a closed ring.
In case of damage to any section of the ring , that section may
be disconnected for repairs, and power will be supplied from
both ends of the ring , thereby maintaining continuity of the
supply.
Fig shows the single line diagram of a typical ring main
system consisting of one generator G supplying four
sub-stations S1, S2, S3 and S4. In this arrangement,
power can flow in both directions under fault
conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to grade in both
directions round the ring and also to use directional
relays. In order that only faulty section of the ring is
isolated under fault conditions, the types of relays and
their time settings should be as follows :
(i) The two lines leaving the generating station should
be equipped with non-directional overcurrent relays
(relays at A and J in this case).
(ii) At each sub-station, reverse power or directional
relays should be placed in both incoming and outgoing
lines (relays at B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I in this case).
(iii) There should be proper relative time-setting of the
relays. As an example, going round the loop GS1 S2 S3
S4G ; the outgoing relays (viz at A, C, E, G and I) are set
with decreasing time limits.e.g.
A = 2·5 sec , C = 2 sec , E = 1·5 sec G = 1 sec
and I = 0·5 sec
23.4 Differential Pilot-Wire Protection
Principle of the differential pilot-wire protection : Under normal conditions the current
entering one end of a line is equal to that leaving the other end.
Basic working of differential pilot-wire protection: As soon as a fault occurs between the two
ends, the above principle no longer holds & the difference of incoming & outgoing currents is
arranged to flow through a relay which operates the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty line.
Types of differential pilot-wire protection:
1) Merz-Price voltage balance system
2) Translay scheme
Merz-Price Voltage balance system:
This system gives protection against phase to phase faults and phase to ground faults to the power
transformers.
It is a only protection system that protects alternator stator from burning through at least 80% of it.

Working Principle:
The principle of such a protection scheme is the comparison of the currents entering and leaving
the ends of a transformer. The vector difference of currents passes through the operating coil while
the average current passes through the restraining coil. In normal conditions, the two currents at
the two ends of the transformer are equal and balance is maintained. So no currents flow through
the operating coil of the relay and and relay is inoperative. But when there is phase to phase fault
or phase to ground fault, this balance gets disturbed. The difference current flows through the
operating coil due to which relay operates, tripping the circuit breaker.
Single line diagram of Merz-Price voltage balance
system for the protection of a 3-phase line:
The connections of Merz-Price voltage balance scheme for all the three phases of
the line:
Advantages & Disadvantages of Merz-
Price Voltage Balance System:
Advantages:
(i) This system can be used for ring mains as well as parallel feeders.
(ii) This system provides instantaneous protection for ground faults. This decreases the
possibility of these faults involving other phases.
(iii) This system provides instantaneous relaying which reduces the amount of damage to
overhead conductors resulting from arcing faults.
Disadvantages:

(i) Accurate matching of current transformers is very essential.

(ii) If there is a break in the pilot-wire circuit, the system will not operate.
(iii) This system is very expensive owing to the greater length of pilot wires required.
(iv) In case of long lines, charging current due to pilot-wire capacitance* effects may be
sufficient to cause relay operation even under normal conditions.
(v) This system cannot be used for line voltages beyond 33 kV because of constructional
difficulties in matching the current transformers.
Translay Scheme:
This system is similar to voltage balance system except that here balance or opposition is
between the voltages induced in the secondary windings wound on the relay magnets and not
between the secondary voltages of the line current transformers.
This permits to use current transformers of normal design and eliminates one of the most
serious limitations of original voltage balance system, namely ; its limitation to the system
operating at voltages not exceeding 33 kV.
Application of Translay Scheme for a 3-
phase system:
With reference to the previous figure of
Translay scheme:
A summation transformer is a device that reproduces the polyphase line currents as a single-
phase quantity.
The three lines CTs are connected to the tapped primary of summation transformer.
Each line CT energises a different number of turns (from line to neutral) with a resulting single
phase output.
The use of summation transformer permits two advantages:
(i) primary windings 1 and 2 can be used for phase faults whereas winding 3 can be used for
earth fault
(ii) the number of pilot wires required is only two
Schematic arrangement of Translay Scheme for
the protection of a 3-phase line:
Operation of Translay Scheme:
When the feeder is sound, the currents at its two ends are equal so that the secondary currents
in both sets of CTs are equal. Consequently, the currents flowing in the relay primary winding 11
and 11 a will be equal and they will induce equal voltages in the secondary windings 12 and 12a.
Since these windings are connected in opposition, no current flows in them or in the operating
windings 13 and 13a. In the event of a fault on the protected line, the line current at one end
must carry a greater current than that at the other end. The result is that voltages induced in the
secondary windings 12 and 12 a will be different and the current will flow through the operating
coils 13, 13a and the pilot circuit. Under these conditions, both upper and lower elements of
each relay are energised and a forward torque acts on the each relay disc. The operation of the
relays will open the circuit breakers at both ends of the line.
Advantages of Translay Scheme:

Advantages:
(i) The system is economical as only two pilot wires are required for the protection of a 3-phase
line.
(ii) Current transformers of normal design can be used.
(iii) The pilot wire capacitance currents do not affect the operation of relays.
23.5 Distance Protection
In distance protection the action of relay depends upon the distance (or impedance) between
the point where the relay is installed and the point of fault.
This system provides discrimination protection without employing pilot wires.
 Working/Operation of Distance
Protection:
The above figure shows a simple system
consisting of lines in series such that power can
flow only from left to right. The relays at A, B and
C are set to operate
for impedance less than Z1, Z2 and Z3
respectively. Suppose a fault occurs between sub-
stations B and C, the fault impedance at power
station and
sub-station A and B will be Z1 + Z and Z
respectively. It is clear that for the
portion shown, only relay at B will operate.
Similarly, if a fault occurs within section AB, then
only relay at A will operate. In this manner,
instantaneous protection can be obtained for all
conditions of operation.
 ‘Three-Zone’ Distance Protection:
Working: The ‘three-zone’ distance protection
scheme is shown in the above figure. In this
scheme of protection, three distance elements are
used at each terminal.
The zone 1 element covers first 90% of the line
and is arranged to trip instantaneously for faults in
this portion.
The zone 2 element trips for faults in the
remaining 10% of the line and for faults in the next
line section, but a time delay is introduced to
prevent the line from being tripped if the fault is in
the next section.
The zone 3 element provides back-up protection in
the event a fault in the next section is not cleared
by its breaker.