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Unit 1 Lesson 2 Valuation

The document discusses ethics and philosophy. It defines ethics as standards of conduct based on moral duties and virtues derived from principles of right and wrong. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom. The document outlines the three main branches of philosophical ethics: meta-ethics explores the foundations of morality, normative ethics studies what makes actions right or wrong, and applied ethics deals with practical moral issues people face. Some examples of applied ethics discussed are issues around abortion, euthanasia, and war tactics. Theories of ethics like deontology, consequentialism, virtue ethics, and self-interest theory are also briefly introduced.

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Kimberly Jane Togño
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990 views36 pages

Unit 1 Lesson 2 Valuation

The document discusses ethics and philosophy. It defines ethics as standards of conduct based on moral duties and virtues derived from principles of right and wrong. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom. The document outlines the three main branches of philosophical ethics: meta-ethics explores the foundations of morality, normative ethics studies what makes actions right or wrong, and applied ethics deals with practical moral issues people face. Some examples of applied ethics discussed are issues around abortion, euthanasia, and war tactics. Theories of ethics like deontology, consequentialism, virtue ethics, and self-interest theory are also briefly introduced.

Uploaded by

Kimberly Jane Togño
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning Objectives:

1. Identify the different ways we speak of and think about values.


2. Recognize the characteristics of these different ways we speak
of values.
3. Distinguished ethics and philosophy
Lesson 2: Valuation-
Pagpapahalaga
ACTIVITY

Directions: Try to consider the following questions.

1. Identify a list of obligations we are expected to fulfill


2. Identify of a list of prohibitions we are required to respect
3. Identify of a list of ideals we are encouraged to meet.
Ethics seems to involve valuations that we make in a
sphere of human actions that are characterized by a
certain gravity and that concern human well-being or
human life itself. Therefore, matters that concern life and
death such as war, capital punishment, or abortion and
matters that concern human well-being such as poverty,
inequality, or sexual identity are often included in
discussions of ethics.
Ethics refers to standards of conduct, standards
that indicate how one should behave based on
moral duties and virtues, which themselves are
derived from principles of right and wrong.
Values are determined by the society we grow
up in, and there are no universal values. Moral
values are simply customs or conventions that
vary from culture to culture.
Ethics
• Ancient Greek word ēthikós (ἠθικός),
"relating to one's character", which itself comes from the
root word êthos (ἦθος) meaning "character, moral nature“.

• Latin as ethica

• French as éthique, from which it was transferred into


English.
Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality
by defining concepts such as:

• good and evil, right and wrong


• virtue and vice, justice and crime
Ethics and Philosophy

PHILOSOPHY
philia
love
(strong desire for a
+ sophia
wisdom
(correct application of
particular object) knowledge)

love of wisdom
PHILOSOPHY
▪ science that studies beings in their ultimate
causes, reasons and principles through
the aid of human reason alone.

- all things that exist:


material or immaterial

GOD, SOUL,
SPIRIT
Ethics and philosophy
• Greece is traditionally considered the
birthplace of philosophy.

• Early Greek thinkers realized they needed


more than what poets and storytellers
could tell about the world around them.
Socrates
• Appeared in 15th century B.C.

• Though not the first one, yet still


recognized for being the first to
redirect the focus of philosophy
from natural world to the human
person.
Plato

• Enhanced the ethical


orientation of philosophy,
that is, to live according to a
certain idea or form of what
life ought to be.
Aristotle

• For him, a happy life is not just


merely an act of doing particular
tasks but also knowing what are
these for.
Ethics (the study of morality)
1. What constitutes a person or action being good,
Ethics deals with what bad, right, or wrong, and how do we know
(epistemology)?
is right or wrong in 2. What part does self-interest or the interest of others
human behavior and play in making moral decisions and judgements?
conduct. It asks such 3. What theories of conduct are valid or invalid and
why?
questions as: 4. Should we use principles or rules or laws, or should
we let each situation decide our morality?
5. Are killing, lying, cheating, stealing, and sexual acts
right or wrong, and why or why not?
The Three Main Branches of the
Philosophical Study of Ethics
Activity

•A police officer shoots a terrorist who is about to blow


up a crowded shopping mall.

•Is it acceptable? Why or why not?


ETHICS
Meta-ethics
is a branch of analytic philosophy that explores the
status, foundations, and scope of moral values, properties,
and words.

-"What is goodness?“
-"How can we tell what is good from what is bad?“
Normative ethics
is the study of what makes actions
right or wrong, what makes situations or events good
or bad and what makes people virtuous or vicious.

- “What should I do?”


Applied ethics
refers to the practical application of moral considerations.
It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their
moral considerations in the areas of private and public life,
the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership.
 
A. What is applied ethics?

Deals with difficult moral questions and


controversial moral issues that people actually face in
their lives
Examples:
• the moral issues regarding… abortion
• giving to the poor the death penalty
• gay/lesbian marriage (or other rights)
• war tactics censorship so-called “white lies”
The difference between normative ethics
and applied ethics:

Normative ethics - studies what features make an


action right or wrong.
Applied ethics - attempts to figure out, in actual cases,
whether or not certain acts have those features.
Types of Ethics
Self Interest Theory

Human beings are always and everywhere selfish.


Even if there are objective moral values, we are incapable
of living up to them.
1. Definitional argument – we are selfish when we
do what we want to do, and we always do what we
want to do.

2. Hidden benefits argument – selfish


benefits to helping others.

3. Fear of punishment argument – what if I get caught?


Theories of Ethics

While it may be that some values are relative and


that people are often selfish, we do not have to
conclude that all values are relative or that people
are always selfish.
Theories of Ethics

An ethical theory attempts to provide a set of


fundamental moral principles in harmony with our
moral intuitions.
Religious Ethics – an authoritative rule book to tell
us what rules to follow.

Duty Ethics - Fulfill your obligations. Duties and


rights are two sides of the same coin.
• Under this form of ethics you can't justify an
action by showing that it produced good
consequences
Kant’s Approach to
Ethics –

• According to Kant, if
something is wrong, it
is always wrong!
THANK YOU

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