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Lesson 2 - The Input-Process-Output (IPO)

The Input-Process-Output (IPO) Approach describes a widely used systems structure that transforms input data through a process into output. Input refers to any data entered into the system. The process looks for matching information to provide an output. Output serves as the outcome that meets the system's goal.

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Maverik Lansang
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408 views24 pages

Lesson 2 - The Input-Process-Output (IPO)

The Input-Process-Output (IPO) Approach describes a widely used systems structure that transforms input data through a process into output. Input refers to any data entered into the system. The process looks for matching information to provide an output. Output serves as the outcome that meets the system's goal.

Uploaded by

Maverik Lansang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 2 – The Input-

Process-Output (IPO)
Approach
The Input-Process-Output (IPO) Approach

• Is a pattern or approach that is widely used in a systems for transforming


input data into output. This is used to describe the structure of a process.
Input

• Is any data entered into the computer system. It could be resources such as
people item details, or finance that are entered into a system to obtain a
desired output. For example the Student Information System, the first
name, the last name, and other details are entered into system to access the
record
Process

• The system will then look for the information that matches with the given
data. This operation is called process. Process is a procedure being taken to
provide an output.
Output

• When the system finds the information, it will display the result which called
the output. Output serves as the outcome of the process. It also meets the
goal or end result of the entire procedure.
The Evolution of Programming
Languages
Computer Program

• Is a series of instructions written to perform a specified task on a computer.


• Always remember that computers need programs for them to work.
• The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to
perform instructions.
Programmer and Programming

• The person who writes, develops, and debugs a computer program is called
a programmer.
• The art and science of creating programs is called programming. It is the
process done by programmers to instruct a computer on how to perform a
task. It includes the process of planning and designing solutions for a
particular problem and then writing the source code using a programming
language.
Programming Language

• Is a tool that is used by the programmer to communicate with the computer.


It allows programmers to write commands or instructions that can be easily
understood by a person and translated into codes that are machine-
relatable. There are hundreds of programming languages today, some of
which are directly understandable by computers, and others which require a
separate program to translate instructions to machine codes.
Classification of Programming Language
The Machine Language

• A computer is an electronic machine; it can only feel electricity and is


designed to work with information. It cannot understand human languages
but instead, it uses the binary language or machine language. The
machine language consists of only two numbers 0 and . When you type any
character, the computer translates it to numbers and understand it based on
the number system.
The assembly language

• The assembly language is more advanced than the machine language as it


uses mnemonics in place of machine code to simplify the programmer’s way
of creating programs.
Mnemonics

• Mnemonics are memory aids. It use English-like abbreviations such as move


for move, mul for multiplication operations, add for addition operation, and
so on. Since mnemonic is incomprehensible to computers, the assembly
language requires another program to translate mnemonics into machine
code. This program is called assembler.
The High-level Language

• Programming in machine and assembly requires highly trained


programmers since creating programs can be tedious. To speed up the
programming process, high-level languages were developed. High-level
languages allow programmers to use English commands to carry out
instructions. Examples are BASIC, COBOL, Pascal and FORTRAN.
Interpreter and Compiler

• These languages require a separate program like an interpreter or compiler.


An interpreter translates high-level instructions line by line into machine
code during runtime. A compiler translates the entire program into machine
code before the program executes.
Object-oriented Programming Languages

• Is a high-level programming language that uses GUI-based interfaces. As


GUI environment programs required more complicated programming
capabilities, new type of programming languages were developed for
Windows. These languages were called Object-oriented Programming
(OOP) and Event-driven Programming languages.
Object-oriented Programming Languages

• With these languages the emphasis of creating a program was on the


objects included in the user interface like buttons and scrollbars. Examples
of which are Visual Basic, Delphi, Visual C++, PROLOG, JAVA, PHP, Phyton,
Ruby, Perl, JavaScript, Smalltalk and others.
How to Convert Binary to Decimal Numeral
System

• To convert binary to decimal


number, numbers in the binary •10001 = (1x24) + (0x23) +
(2)
system consists of binary digits, (0x22) + (0x21) +(1x20)
which are ordered by the powers of
2. For example, converting •10001 (2) = (16 + 1) (10)
10001(2) into decimal is done by
calculating the following sum:
•10001 (2) = 17 (10)
How to Convert Binary to Decimal Numeral
System

• Every single binary digit is multiplied by 2 raised to the power of the position
it is in. In the end, all the numbers resulting from the binary digits are added
up to get the decimal value of the binary numbers.
Horner Scheme

• Another method of conversion is the Horner Scheme. Multiply the leftmost


digits by 2 and add it to the one to its right. We multiply this result by two
and the neighbor digit (one to the right) is added. This is repeated until all
the digits in the number have been exhausted and we add the last digit
without multiplying it.
Horner Scheme

• 1111 (2) = ((1x2+1) x 2 +1) x 2 + 1 Or


= ((3x2) + 1) x 2 +1 • 1111 (2) = ((3x2) + 1 ) x 2 + 1
= (6+1) x 2 +1 = (6x1) x 2 + 1
= 7x2+1 =7x2+1
= 15 (10) = 15 (10)
How to Convert Decimal to Binary Numeral
System

• To convert decimal to binary numeral system, divide it by 2 with a


remainder. This is how the quotient and the remainder are obtained.
How to Convert Decimal to Binary Numeral
System

• To convert 14 to binary, do an integer division by the base you want to


(10)
convert to (in this case it is 2). The quotient will be divided by 2 until you
reach a quotient of 0. The remainder in each equation will result to either 0
to 1.
• 14/2 = 7 with remainder 0;
• 7/2 = 3 with remainder 1;
• When done with the division, read the
• 3/2 = 1 with remainder 1; remainders in reverse order. Thus the result is :
14(10) = 1110(2)
• ½ = 0 with remainder 1;

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