Chapter 3 – Part V

TCP/IP Suite and Internet Stack

Protocols

MSIT541
3.V.1
 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
- LOW-LEVEL NETWORK PROTOCOLS
 Protocols to be discussed in section:

LOW-LEVEL NETWORK PROTOCOLS:

Data Link layer protocols
Physical layer protocols
WLAN protocols

MSIT541
3.V.2
Link layer services
 framing, link access:
 encapsulate datagram into frame, adding header,
trailer
 channel access if shared medium
 “MAC” addresses used in frame headers to identify
source, destination
 different from IP address!
 reliable delivery between adjacent nodes
 we learned how to do this already seldom used on
low bit-error link (fiber, some twisted pair)
 wireless links: high error rates
 Q: why both link-level and end-end reliability?

MSIT541
3.V.3
Link layer services
 flow control:
 pacing between adjacent sending and receiving nodes
 error detection:
 errors caused by signal attenuation, noise.
 receiver detects presence of errors:
 signals sender for retransmission or drops frame
 error correction:
 receiver identifies and corrects bit error(s) without resorting to
retransmission
 half-duplex and full-duplex
 with half duplex, nodes at both ends of link can transmit, but not at
same time

MSIT541
3.V.4
 DATA-LINK LAYER PROTOCOLS
 Data-link layer has responsibility of transferring datagram
from one node to physically adjacent node over a link.
Application
The TCP/IP protocol stack Application
Layer
Presentation
does not define the lower Layer Layer

layers of a complete Session

Layer
protocol stack Transport
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
In this lecture, we will Layer
Network
Layer
address how the TCP/IP (Data) Link
Layer
(Data) Link
Layer
protocol stacks interfaces Physical
Layer
with the data link layer and
OSI
the MAC sublayer TCP/IP Suite Reference
Model
MSIT541
3.V.5
 DATA-LINK LAYER PROTOCOLS
 The main tasks of the data link layer are:
 Transfer data from the network layer of one machine to
the network layer of another machine
 Convert the raw bit stream of the physical layer into
groups of bits (“frames”)

Network Network
Layer Layer
Data Link Data Link
Layer Layer
Physical Physical
Layer Layer

MSIT541
3.V.6
 Types of Networks
 There are two types of communication
networks:
 Broadcast Networks: All stations share a single
communication channel
 Point-to-Point Networks: Pairs of hosts (or routers)
are directly connected
 Typically, local area networks (LANs) are
broadcast and wide area networks (WANs)
are point-to-point

MSIT541
3.V.7
 Local Area Network
 Local area networks (LANs) typically connect
computers within a building or a campus
 Almost all LANs are broadcast networks
 Typical topologies of LANs are bus or ring or
star
 We will work with Ethernet LANs.
 Ethernet has a bus or star topology.

MSIT541 Bus LAN Ring LAN

3.V.8
 MAC and LLC
 In any broadcast network, the stations must
ensure that only one station transmits at a
time on the shared communication channel
 The protocol that determines who can transmit
on a broadcast channel are called Medium
Access Control (MAC) protocol
 The MAC protocol are implemented in the MAC
sublayer which is the lower sublayer of the
data link layer
 The higher portion of the data link layer is
often called Logical Link Control (LLC)
MSIT541
3.V.9
 IEEE 802 Standards
IEEE 802 is a family of standards for LANs,

which defines an LLC and several MAC

sublayers
IEEE 802 standard
IEEE Higher
Reference Layer
802.1 Model
Logical Link
802.2 Control Data Link
Medium Layer
Access
802.3

802.4

802.5

802.6

Control
Physical Physical
Layer Layer

MSIT541
3.V.10
 Ethernet
 Speed: 10-1000 Mbps
 Standard: 802.3, Ethernet II (DIX)

 Most popular physical layers for Ethernet:

 10Base-T 10 Mbps Twisted Pair
 10Base2 Thin Ethernet: 10 Mbps thin coax
cable
 100Base-TX 100 Mbps over Category 5 twisted pair
 100Base-FX 100 Mbps over Fiber Optics
 1000Base-FX 1Gbps over Fiber Optics

MSIT541
3.V.11
 Ethernet Hubs vs. Ethernet Switches
 An Ethernet switch is a packet switch for Ethernet frames
 Buffering of frames prevents collisions.

 Each port is isolated and builds its own collision domain

 An Ethernet Hub does not perform buffering:

 Collisions occur if two frames arrive at the same time.

Hub Switch
CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

HighSpeed
Backplane
CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

Input Output
Buffers Buffers

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3.V.12
Ethernet and IEEE 802.3: Any Difference?
 On a conceptual level, they are identical.
 But there are subtle differences that are
relevant if we deal with TCP/IP.
 “Ethernet” (Ethernet II, DIX)
 An industry standards from 1982 that is based on the
first implementation of CSMA/CD by Xerox.
 Predominant version of CSMA/CD in the US.
 802.3:
 IEEE’s version of CSMA/CD from 1985.
 Interoperates with 802.2 (LLC) as higher layer.
 Ethernet and 802.3 use different methods to
encapsulate an IP datagram.
MSIT541
3.V.13
 IEEE 802.2/802.3 Encapsulation (RFC 1042)

802.3 MAC

destination source
type data CRC
address address

6 6 2 46-1500 4

0800 IP datagram

2 38-1492

0806 ARP request/reply PAD

2 28 10

0835 RARP request/reply PAD

2 28 10

MSIT541
3.V.14
Ethernet II, DIX Encapsulation (RFC 894)

802.3 MAC 802.2 LLC 802.2 SNAP

destination source DSAP SSAP cntl org code

length type data CRC
address address AA AA 03 0

6 6 2 1 1 1 3 2 38-1492 4

- destination address, source address: 0800 IP datagram

MAC addresses are 48 bit
2 38-1492
- lengt h: frame length in number of bytes
- DSAP, SSAP : always set to 0xaa 0806 ARP request/reply PAD

- Ctrl: set t o 3 2 28 10
- org code: set to 0
- type field identifies the content of the 0835 RARP request/reply PAD

data field 2 28 10
- CRC: cylic redundancy check

MSIT541
3.V.15
 PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol
 The PPP protocol is a data link
protocol for transmission on a serial
link
Access
 Use of PPP today: Router
Modems
 Dial-in or DSL access to Internet

 Routers connected by point-to- Dial-Up Access

point links
 Main purpose of PPP is
encapsulation of IP datagrams Router

Router
 PPP was proposed in 1992; a
predecessor of PPP was the Serial Router Router
Link IP (SLIP) protocol Point-to-Point Network

MSIT541
3.V.16
 PPP - IP encapsulation

 The frame format of PPP is similar to HDLC

and the 802.2 LLC frame format:

flag addr ctrl protocol data CRC flag

7E FF 03 7E
1 1 1 2 <= 1500 2 1

0021 IP datagram

C021 link control data

8021 network control data

MSIT541
3.V.17
 PPP

Other than a framing method PPP provides:

 The link control protocol (LCP) which is
responsible for establishing, configuring, and
negotiating a data-link connection
 LCP is specified in RFC 1331.

 For each network layer protocol supported by

PPP, there is one network control protocol
(NCP)
 The NCP for IP is specified in RFC 1332

MSIT541
3.V.18
 WLAN Protocols
 Wireless LANs refer to LANs (Local Area
Networks) that use high frequency radio
waves instead of cables for connecting the
devices.
 It can be conceived as a set of laptops and
other wireless devices communicating by radio
signals.
 Users connected by WLANs can move around
within the area of network coverage.
 Most WLANs are based upon the standard
IEEE 802.11 or WiFi.
MSIT541
3.V.19
 WLAN Protocols
 Each station in a Wireless LAN has a wireless
network interface controller. A station can be
of two categories :
 Wireless Access Point (WAP) − WAPs or simply
access points (AP) are generally wireless routers
that form the base stations or access points. The
APs are wired together using fiber or copper wires,
through the distribution system.
 Client − Clients are workstations, computers,
laptops, printers, smart phones etc. They are
around tens of metres within the range of an AP.

MSIT541
3.V.20
 WLAN Protocols
Types of WLAN Protocols
 IEEE 802.11 or WiFi has a number of

variations, the main among which are :

 802.11a Protocol:

 This protocol supports very high transmission

speeds of 54Mbps.
 It has a high frequency of 5GHz range, due to
which signals have difficulty in penetrating walls
and other obstructions.
 It employs Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM).
MSIT541
3.V.21
 WLAN Protocols
Types of WLAN Protocols
 IEEE 802.11 or WiFi has a number of

variations, the main among which are :

 802.11b Protocol : 

 This protocol operates within the frequency range

of 2.4GHz and supports 11Mbps speed.
 It facilitates path sharing and is less vulnerable to
obstructions.
 It uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA) with Ethernet protocol.

MSIT541
3.V.22
 WLAN Protocols
Types of WLAN Protocols
 IEEE 802.11 or WiFi has a number of

variations, the main among which are :

 802.11g Protocol :
 This protocol combines the features of 802.11a and
802.11b protocols.
 It supports both the frequency ranges 5GHz (as in
802.11a standard) and 2.4GHz (as in 802.11b standard).
 Owing to its dual features, 802.11g is backward
compatible with 802.11b devices.
 802.11g provides high speeds, varying signal range, and
resilience to obstruction.
 However, it is more expensive for implementation.
MSIT541
3.V.23
 WLAN Protocols
Types of WLAN Protocols
 IEEE 802.11 or WiFi has a number of variations,

the main among which are :

 802.11n Protocol :

 Popularly known as Wireless N, this is an upgraded

version of 802.11g.
 It provides very high bandwidth up to 600Mbps

and provides signal coverage.

 It uses Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO),

having multiple antennas at both the transmitter

end and receiver ends.
 In case of signal obstructions, alternative routes

MSIT541 are used. Implementation is highly expensive.

3.V.24