KEMENTRIAN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
JURUSAN TEKNIK GEOLOGI

Geoinformasi (TKG ….., 3 Sks)

Sistem Koordinat dan Proyeksi Peta

Lucas Donny Setijadji

Agung Setianto
Didit Hadi Barianto

Maret 2012
Map Projections and Coordinate Systems

Modified from
The University of Washington
Spatial Technology Lecture ESRM 250
by Phil Hurvitz
(http://gis.washington.edu/esrm250)
Overview
Projections
Coordinate systems
Datums
Examples of different projections
Projections
The earth is a spheroid
The best model of the earth is a globe

Drawbacks:
• not easy to carry
• not good for making
planimetric measurement
(distance, area, angle)
Projections
Maps are flat
easy to carry
good for measurement
scaleable

Map projections are

used to “project” data
from a sphere onto a
planar surface_
Projections

an imaginary light is “projected”

onto a “developable surface”
coordinate space becomes implicit
a variety of different projection models exist_
Projections

cone as developable surface

secant cone

tangent cone
Projections
cylinder as developable surface

tangent cylinders
Projections
plane as developable surface
Projections
Map projections always introduce error and distortion
Projections
Map projections always introduce error and distortion
Distortion may be minimized in one or more of the
following properties:
 Shape > conformal
 Distance > equidistant

 True Direction > true direction

 Area > equal area

Projections
How do projections work on a programmatic level?
 each set of "coordinates" is transformed using a specific projection
equation from one system to another
 angular measurements can be converted to Cartesian coordinates
 one set of Cartesian coordinates can be converted to a different
measurement framework

Projection, zone, datum (units) X Y

geographic, NAD27 (decimal -122.35° 47.62°
degrees)
UTM, Zone 10, NAD27 (meters) 548843.5049 5274052.0957
State Plane, WA-N, NAD83 (feet) 1266092.5471 229783.3093
Projections
Projecting a data set is like putting your data through a
machine
Examples of different projections
Albers
(Conic)

Shape Shape along the standard parallels is accurate and minimally distorted in the region between the
standard parallels and those regions just beyond. The 90-degree angles between meridians and
parallels are preserved, but because the scale along the lines of longitude does not match the scale
along lines of latitude, the final projection is not conformal.
Area All areas are proportional to the same areas on the Earth.
Direction Locally true along the standard parallels.
Distance Distances are best in the middle latitudes. Along parallels, scale is reduced between the standard
parallels and increased beyond them. Along meridians, scale follows an opposite pattern.
Examples of different projections
Lambert
Azimuthal
Equal
Area
(Planar)

Shape Shape is true along the standard parallels of the normal aspect (Type 1), or the standard lines of the
transverse and oblique aspects (Types 2 and 3). Distortion is severe near the poles of the normal aspect
or 90° from the central line in the transverse and oblique aspects.
Area There is no area distortion on any of the projections.
Direction Local angles are correct along standard parallels or standard lines. Direction is distorted elsewhere.
Distance Scale is true along the Equator (Type 1), or the standard lines of the transverse and oblique aspects
(Types 2 and 3). Scale distortion is severe near the poles of the normal aspect or 90° from the central
line in the transverse and oblique aspects.
Examples of different projections
Mercator
(Cylindrical)

Shape Conformal. Small shapes are well represented because this projection maintains the local angular
relationships.
Area Increasingly distorted toward the polar regions. For example, in the Mercator projection, although
Greenland is only one-eighth the size of South America, Greenland appears to be larger.
Direction Any straight line drawn on this projection represents an actual compass bearing. These true direction
lines are rhumb lines, and generally do not describe the shortest distance between points.
Distance Scale is true along the Equator, or along the secant latitudes.
Examples of different projections
Miller
(Cylindrical)

Shape Minimally distorted between 45th parallels, increasingly toward the poles. Land masses are stretched
more east to west than they are north to south.
Area Distortion increases from the Equator toward the poles.
Direction Local angles are correct only along the Equator.
Distance Correct distance is measured along the Equator.
Examples of different projections
Mollweide
(Pseudo-
cylindrical)

Shape Shape is not distorted at the intersection of the central meridian and latitudes 40° 44' N and S.
Distortion increases outward from these points and becomes severe at the edges of the projection.
Area Equal-area.
Direction Local angles are true only at the intersection of the central meridian and latitudes 40° 44' N and S.
Direction is distorted elsewhere.
Distance Scale is true along latitudes 40°44' N and S. Distortion increases with distance from these lines and
becomes severe at the edges of the projection.
Examples of different projections
Orthographic

Shape Minimal distortion near the center; maximal distortion near the edge.
Area The areal scale decreases with distance from the center. Areal scale is zero at the edge of the
hemisphere.
Direction True direction from the central point.
Distance The radial scale decreases with distance from the center and becomes zero on the edges. The scale
perpendicular to the radii, along the parallels of the polar aspect, is accurate.
Examples of different projections
Robinson
(Pseudo-
cylindrical)

Shape Shape distortion is very low within 45° of the origin and along the Equator.
Area Distortion is very low within 45° of the origin and along the Equator.
Direction Generally distorted.
Distance Generally, scale is made true along latitudes 38° N and S. Scale is constant along any given latitude,
and for the latitude of opposite sign.
Coordinate systems
Features on spherical surfaces are not easy to measure
Features on planes are easy to measure and calculate
 distance
 angle
 area
Coordinate systems provide a measurement framework
Two most widely used coordinate systems: Lat/Long and
UTM
Coordinate systems
Lat/long system measures angles on spherical surfaces

60º east of PM
55º north of equator
Coordinate systems
Lat/long values are NOT Cartesian (X, Y) coordinates
constant angular deviations do not have constant
distance deviations
1° of longitude at the equator  1° of longitude near the
poles
Coordinate systems
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
Based on the Transverse Mercator projection
60 zones (each 6° wide)
false eastings
Y-0 set at south pole or equator
UTM Coordinate system
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Every place on earth falls in a particular zone

UTM Coordinate system
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone in
Indonesia

0o

Note: Indonesia is located at UTM Zone 46-54, S and N

UTM Coordinate system
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone in
Indonesia
Example location:
Ketapang: Zone 49 S
X= 448.500 m E
Y = 8.615.500 m N

Singkawang: Zone 49 N
X = 283.500 mE
Y = 095.500 mN

Careful at areas with S and N zones (e.g. Kalimantan)

Datums
Models of the shape of the earth’s surface
Used to increase accuracy in local areas

Commonly used datum:

World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)_
Datums
Commonly used datums in North America
North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27)
NAD83
 NAD83/91
 High-Precision GPS Network (HPGN)

 High-Accuracy Reference Network (HARN)

World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)_

Projecting spatial data sets
Used for going between projections
Source data sources may not be compatible

UTM 36

UTM 34

Lake Victoria is not in central Africa

Projecting spatial data sets
• Utility for converting data sets from one system to
another
Used for going between projections
Projecting spatial data sets
• Data sets are now compatible
Used for going between projections

both are
now UTM 34

Lake Victoria really is in east Africa

 Task of the Week

Read ITC GIS Text Book Chapter 4.2.

Spatial Referencing (P. 207-223)