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    中國

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    Phili-Am I. Ocliasa
    China has a long history of education dating back thousands of years. Formal schooling began during the Xia Dynasty around 2000 BC and was divided between state schools for nobility and village schools for commoners. Confucian classics like the Four Books and Five Classics formed the basis of ancient Chinese education. Private schools emerged during the Spring and Autumn period while imperial colleges were established under the Han Dynasty to train officials in Confucian thought and governance. Literacy remained low for most of Chinese history due to the complex writing system.

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    中國

    Uploaded by

    Phili-Am I. Ocliasa
    37 views27 pages
    China has a long history of education dating back thousands of years. Formal schooling began during the Xia Dynasty around 2000 BC and was divided between state schools for nobility and village schools for commoners. Confucian classics like the Four Books and Five Classics formed the basis of ancient Chinese education. Private schools emerged during the Spring and Autumn period while imperial colleges were established under the Han Dynasty to train officials in Confucian thought and governance. Literacy remained low for most of Chinese history due to the complex writing system.

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    China has a long history of education dating back thousands of years. Formal schooling began during the Xia Dynasty around 2000 BC and was divided between state schools for nobility and village schools for commoners. Confucian classics like the Four Books and Five Classics formed the basis of ancient Chinese education. Private schools emerged during the Spring and Autumn period while imperial colleges were established under the Han Dynasty to train officials in Confucian thought and governance. Literacy remained low for most of Chinese history due to the complex writing system.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    37 views27 pages

    中國

    Uploaded by

    Phili-Am I. Ocliasa
    China has a long history of education dating back thousands of years. Formal schooling began during the Xia Dynasty around 2000 BC and was divided between state schools for nobility and village schools for commoners. Confucian classics like the Four Books and Five Classics formed the basis of ancient Chinese education. Private schools emerged during the Spring and Autumn period while imperial colleges were established under the Han Dynasty to train officials in Confucian thought and governance. Literacy remained low for most of Chinese history due to the complex writing system.

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    中國

    (Zhong Guo)
    “Middle Kingdom”

    -CHINA-
    秦 清
    Qin Dynasty Qing (Manchu)Dynasty
    (221 BC–206 BC) The First Dynasty (1636–1912) The Last Dynasty
    秦始皇   溥儀
    Emperor Qin Shi Huang Emperor Pu Yi “Henry”
    “The First Emperor” “The Last Emperor”
    孫逸仙
    Sun Yat Sen
    1866 - 1925
     A doctor by profession, advocated
    social reforms which led to a
    revolution
     Founded the Republic of China in
    1912 via a bloody revolution that
    ousted the Qing dynasty and became
    its 1st President
    “FATHER OF MODERN CHINA”
    共產黨  Though a republic was born,
    factionalism is at all time high,
    China was plunged once more
    into chaos and many powerful
    clans or warlords fought for
    國民黨
    GUO MIN DANG
    GONG CHANG DANG
    regional dominance.
    “Communists”  After the defeat of the warlords “Nationalists ”
    two major factions came to
    power the communists and the
    nationalists
    • In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s
    Japan and China were bitter rivals
    in politics, militarily, and
    economically, sporadic wars
    大日本帝國
    EMPIRE OF JAPAN
    occurred between China and Japan
    • In the 1930’s the empire of Japan
    started to expand and targeted
    China up until World War 2
    • When Japan was defeated, the
    Communists and Nationalists
    continued fighting for the sole
    control of China and eventually
    the communists won leading to
    the establishment of the PEOPLES
    REPUBLIC OF CHINA in 1949
    毛澤東
    Mao Ze Dong
    (1893-1976)

    • Founded the Chinese Communist Party


    • Led the communist forces against the nationalist in
    the Chinese civil war and the Japanese forces in
    world war II and eventually won the civil war in
    1949.
    • Established the PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA to
    what is known as mainland China
    • His troops forced the NATIONALISTS to fled the
    nearby island of Taiwan and the nationalists
    continued to govern Taiwan under the title Republic
    of China or more commonly known as “Taiwan”
    中華人民共和國 中華民國
    Zhong Hua Ren Min Gong He Guo Zhong Hua Min Guo
    PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA REPUBLIC OF CHINA
    (1949–Present) (1911–Present)
    “Communist China / Mainland China” “Nationalist China / Taiwan”
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education
    • During the primitive period, the concept of “education” did not
    exist yet. People back at that age can only learn from the
    examples or verbal instructions from the elders in their society.
    • Things have changed since the invention of the CHINESE
    PICTOGRAPH. For the first time, people were able to record
    down their daily routine, working experiences, and exchange
    information. More importantly, it makes the idea of education
    possible.
    • With the appearance of the pictograph, and the thriving of the
    multiple clans, the formal institution was established naturally. It
    was called “CHENG JUN”. The main purpose of this institution
    was to hold collective events such as traditional sacrifices or
    major festival ceremonies and preaching notices, regulations
    and requirements, as well as mobilization before military action.
    To a certain extent, it plays a significant educational role.
    EDUCATION IN ANCIENT CHINA
    • Ancient Chinese education began with classic works, namely, the Four Books and the Five Classics
    • THE FOUR BOOKS 四書 (Sìshū)
    GREAT LEARNING ANALECTS
    ( 大學 DA XUE) ( 論語 LUN YU)
    DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN MENCIUS
    ( 中庸 ZHONG YONG) ( 孟子 MENG ZI)

    THE FIVE CLASSICS 五經 ; (Wǔjīng)


    CLASSIC OF POETRY BOOK OF DOCUMENTS
    詩經 SHIH JING 書經 SHU JING
    BOOK OF RITES BOOK OF CHANGES
    禮記 LI JI 易經 I CHING
    Spring and Autumn Annals
    春秋 CHUN QIU

    • Regarded as cardinal texts that one had to learn, in order to understand the authentic thought of Confucianism.
    • Beginning from the time of the Xia dynasty (2070-1600 BC), it was traditional for ancient kings and emperors to
    select well-educated officials to assist them in administering their kingdoms.
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education
    • Since the early dynasties like Xia, Shang, Zhou and Qin Dynasties, China has
    entered slavery society. With the development of the pictograph and higher social
    productivity, the increasing cultural demand requires a better form of educating
    method. Under such historical conditions, the earliest official schools appeared.
    The purpose of this education is to cultivate the candidates of the future rulers,
    who respect gods, obey filial piety and more importantly know how to fight in the
    war. (traditional Kungfu Schools offered not only the study of martial arts but also
    scholarly arts such poetry, calligraphy, painting, sculpture, music etc.)

    • There were two kinds of teaching institutions set up by the ruler. One was called
    “Dong Xu” which allows only the children who were born into noble families. The
    other one was called “Xi Xu”, where the kids from ordinary civilians can also have a
    chance to learn. Due to the huge gap between the two classes, what they learn
    can be very different.
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education

    • During the Spring and Autumn


    period, the relationship
    between production and the
    new feudal system gradually
    came into shape, causing the
    decline of official schools and
    the rise of private schools.
    • Confucius, Mozi, Mencius, Xunzi
    and so on were famous private
    schoolmasters.
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education
    • The Establishment of Schools
    • Formal schools were established during the Xia dynasty (2070 BC-1600 BC).
    • Schools were divided into state schools (Dong Xu) / village schools (Xi Xu).
    • State schools were established just for children of the nobility; and
    consisted of elementary schools and higher-level colleges.
    • Village schools, also known as local schools, were divided into four levels:
    • Shu, Xiang, Xu and Xiao
    • Generally speaking, students who studied well in shu could enter the next
    level and proceed upwards. If determined and persistent, they even stood
    a chance of studying in college.
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education
    • After the unification of the Qin Empire (221-206 BC) in
    221 BC, Qin Shi Huang (the first emperor of China,
    forbade private schools of any form in his kingdom, so
    that he could exert strict control over the common
    people. Qin Shi Huang ordered the promulgation of
    legalist education. He forbade the common people to
    read privately or collect Confucian classics, and he
    even gave orders to burn books and to bury Confucian
    scholars alive.
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education
    • IMPERIAL COLLEGES
    • Emperor Wu of the Western Han dynasty (206 BC-9 AD)
    established government-sponsored imperial colleges, and
    teachers were selected from among learned and
    accomplished officials, who were called BOSHI (present-day
    doctors).
    • Generally speaking, ancient Chinese education was divided
    into official school education and private school education.
    These supplemented each other to train talent for the ruling
    classes..
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education

    • ANCIENT OFFICIAL SCHOOL EDUCATION


    • Ancient official school education refers to a whole set of
    education systems sponsored by central and local
    governments of slave and feudal societies. It aimed to train
    talent of various kinds for the ruling classes, whose rise and
    fall was related to social and political developments in
    ancient China.
    • The highest institutions of learning were called Taixue
    (Imperial Colleges) or Guozijian (Imperial Academies).
    國子監
    GOU ZI JIAN
    Imperial college , Beijing
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education

    • Historically, formal education was a privilege of the rich. Mastering


    classical Chinese, which consisted of different written and spoken
    versions and lacked an alphabet, required time and resources most
    Chinese could not afford. As a result, for much of its history, China had
    an extremely high rate of illiteracy (80 percent).
    • Altogether there are over 50,000 characters, though a comprehensive
    modern dictionary will rarely list over 20,000 in use. An educated
    Chinese person will know about 8,000 characters, but you will only
    need about 2-3,000 to be able to read a newspaper.
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education

    • The result was a nation of mass illiteracy dominated by a bureaucratic


    elite highly educated in the Confucian classical tradition. The earliest
    modern government schools were created to provide education in
    subjects of Western strength such as the sciences, engineering, and
    military development to address Western incursion and to maintain
    the integrity of China's own culture and politics.
    • The aim of these schools was to modernize technologically by
    imitating the West, while maintaining all traditional aspects of
    Chinese culture. These schools were never integrated into the civil
    service examination system.
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education

    • In 1898, Emperor Guang Xu, supported


    by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, well-
    known reformers, issued a series of
    decrees to initiate sweeping reforms in
    Chinese education.
    • The measures included the establishment
    of a system of modern schools accessible
    to a greater majority of the population,
    abolition of the rigid examination system
    for the selection of government officials,
    and the introduction of short and
    practical essay examinations.
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education
    • Between 1901 and 1905, the Qing court issued a new series of education reform decrees.
    • The old academies that had supported the civil service examinations were reorganized.
    • A modern school system was built on their foundations with primary, secondary, and college
    levels reflective of Western models.
    • Schools throughout China were organized into three major stages and seven levels.
    • Elementary education was composed of kindergarten, lower elementary, and higher
    elementary;
    • secondary education consisted of middle school; and higher education was divided into
    preparatory school, specialized college, and university.
    • The Qing Court also instructed provincial, prefectural, and county governments to open new
    schools and start a compulsory education program.
    • The civil examination system (keju) was officially abolished in 1905, marking the end of the
    trademark of traditional Chinese education.
    The History of Ancient Chinese Education

    • Six years later, China's dynastic tradition also came to an end when the new Nationalist
    Republic replaced it. With this political metamorphosis, China's educational system
    experienced further transformations. The search for modern nationhood and economic
    prosperity created the first golden age of education in modern China.
    • Education in China enjoyed a rare interval of uninterrupted growth as the Beijing
    government enthusiastically pursued educational development in both the public and
    private sectors as an essential component of the Nationalists' nation-building program.
    • In 1912 and 1913 the Republican government issued Regulations Concerning Public and
    Private Schools and Regulations Concerning Private Universities; these documents laid
    out the criteria for private schools and stipulated proper application and registration
    procedures, while calling for financial investment in education nationwide.
    KE JU 科舉
    • CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION SYSTEM
    • The civil service examination system for selecting government officials was established
    and came into force during the Sui dynasty (581-618). It not only served as an education
    system, but as the standard of selection for talented people across the nation.
    • The system comprised an examination convened by local governments, plus the final
    imperial examination (palace examination) held by emperors.
    • Scholars passing the COUNTY-LEVEL EXAMINATION were called Xiucai, and the first-
    ranked Xiucai received the title of Anshou.
    • Scholars passing the PROVINCIAL-LEVEL EXAMINATION were called Juren, and the first-
    and second-ranked Juren received the titles of Jieyuan and Huiyuan respectively.
    • The first-ranked scholar in the PALACE EXAMINATION received the title of Zhuangyuan,
    the second Bangyan and the third Tanhua.
    • All scholars who passed the examination were conferred different official positions
    according to their results.
    KE JU 科舉
    Problems regarding the KE-JU
     CORRUPTION – In imperial China corruption is a very common
    problem. Government positions can be bought and passing the civil
    service examination is not a problem among the rich as long as they
    can afford what is demanded by corrupt administrators and those
    intelligent, capable yet poor candidates who cannot offer bribes,
    cannot enter government service or work as low-level officials.
     NEPOTISM – Corrupt government officials tends to favor their kin
    and place them in government service bypassing the service
    examination or manipulate the conduct of the said examination by
    bribing the administrators or the administrators themselves are
    doing nepotism in favor of their kin
    GAOKAO 高考
    “National College Entrance Examination”
    • One of the longest legacies of the imperial education tradition is the (in)famous Gaokao, or the
    National College Entrance Examination, which is the sole determining factor of a student’s eligibility
    to enroll in universities. Every year on June 7 and 8, nine million students take the Gaokao.
    • in China, a student’s score on the Gaokao is the only factor that determines their eligibility to enroll
    in university. The higher their score, the more prestigious the university they can attend. This might
    sound extremely stressful and intimidating—indeed, for most Chinese secondary school students,
    the Gaokao is the culmination of their past twelve years of schooling.
    • Prior to taking the exam, students must choose between the humanities track and science track. This
    decision is usually made in a student’s first year of high school, and it determines which subject they
    will be tested on in the Gaokao, in addition to the three mandatory subjects of Chinese, math, and a
    foreign language. The Gaokao is administered only once a year, making it one of the highest pressure
    examinations in the entire world. Those who don’t perform well on this high-stakes exam end up
    with few options—many will spend the following year studying in preparation to re-take the exam,
    while others choose to find low-level jobs and opt out of higher education altogether. Nevertheless,
    in a country that prizes education, success or failure on the Gaokao is viewed as the greatest
    determining factor of how a person will live out the rest of his or her life.
    玉不琢 , 不成器
    Yù bù zhuó, bù chéng qì

    “If a jade is not cut and polished,


    it can’t be made into anything”.

    “One cannot become useful


    without being educated”.
    謝謝你，祝你有美好的一天
    Xièxiè nǐ, zhù nǐ yǒu měihǎo de yītiān

    THANK YOU
    AND HAVE A NICE DAY

    PHILI-AM I. OCLIASA
    2021-00627

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