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02-Lecture-BE-Fundamentals Conectps

The document discusses atoms and electricity. It defines an atom as the basic unit of a chemical element, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms with equal numbers of protons and electrons have no overall charge, while gaining or losing electrons creates positive or negative ions. Electricity results from the flow of electrons between atoms. Conductors allow easy electron flow, while insulators do not. Other concepts covered include voltage, current, batteries, and generators.

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Adnan Hyder Soomro
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© © All Rights Reserved
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32 views

02-Lecture-BE-Fundamentals Conectps

The document discusses atoms and electricity. It defines an atom as the basic unit of a chemical element, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms with equal numbers of protons and electrons have no overall charge, while gaining or losing electrons creates positive or negative ions. Electricity results from the flow of electrons between atoms. Conductors allow easy electron flow, while insulators do not. Other concepts covered include voltage, current, batteries, and generators.

Uploaded by

Adnan Hyder Soomro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Electronics

Current & Electricity


What is Atom?
• An atom is the basic unit of a chemical element.
• Everything in the world is made out of atoms.
• Your computer monitor is made out of atoms, the desk it sits
on is made out of atoms, So is the air you're breathing.
• In fact, you are also made out of atoms.
• Atoms are made out of three main parts: protons, neutrons and electrons.
• Protons and neutrons are contained inside the very centre of the atom, which is called
the nucleus.
• Electrons orbit around the outside of the nucleus,
similar to how the Earth orbits the sun.
Atom…

• Protons are stable subatomic particles, with a positive +1 charge 

•  Neutrons are stable subatomic particles with a neutral or zero charge 

• electrons are stable subatomic particles, with a negative -1 charge 

• electrons are much smaller than protons or neutrons, but they contain a negative

charge of the same size as much larger protons.


Video Explaining Atom…
Atom & Electricity…
• As we discussed about Atom ,it has a static electricity in form charge associated
with proton & neutrons having Positive(+) & negative (-) charge respectively.

• In most of atoms have equal charge with Protons &


electrons so in result charge becomes zero.

• How ever there are many electrons which either accept electrons
or give away electrons when this happens atoms called as ION.

• If electrons from an atom moves away the atom will be


in state of positive ION, Or if electrons joins an Atom & by this
number of electrons increases, the atom becomes negative ION.
Atom & Electricity…

• Transfer of electrons between atom remains in continuous form.

• This exchange process is called as conservation of charge which


states that “charge neither created nor destroyed ,It only transfers
from one place to an other place.

• Particles with same charge that may be positive or negative will


repulse each other while particles with opposite charge will attract
each other.
What is Conductor ?
• A material with may free electrons that allows easy transfer of electrical energy.

• By passing energetic free electrons through a conductor causes strong stimulation to other
free electrons.

• An electrical conductor is a substance in which electrical charge carriers, usually electrons,


move easily from atom to atom with the application of voltage.

• Conductivity, in general, is the capacity to transmit something, such as electricity or heat. 

• Example: Copper ,aluminum, Silver Gold etc.


Insulator?
• An insulator is a material having very few free electrons that does not transfer
electrical energy.

• An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow


freely, and therefore make it impossible to conduct an electric current under the
influence of an electric field.

• Example :  Glass, Paper, Plastic… 


Conductivity …?

• Ability of a material to conduct electrical energy

• Good conductors have high conductivity

• Good insulators have low conductivity


Voltage?
•  The amount of potential energy between two points on a circuit.

• The Potential of group of charged particles to do work in a electric circuit.

• By applying voltage source free electrons are motivated flow through some conducting medium.

• More the voltage more the electrons flow

• Standard Unit is Voltage is Volt symbolized by an uppercase italic letter V or E.


• 1 volt= joule/ columb

• Normally there are two common voltage source are used


o Battery
o Generator
Current ?
• Current is the flow of charged particles(Electrons) through a conducting medium, such as a
wire.
OR
• Current is simply flow of electrons in some conducting medium

• The standard unit is the ampere, symbolized by A.

There are two types of current  

• 1)Direct Current: In a direct current, the electrons flow in one direction

• 2) Alternating Current: AC, pushes the electrons back and forth, changing the direction of
the flow several times per second.
Battery ?
• Battery is commonly used voltage source.
• A battery uses chemical reactions to get generate voltage.
• Every battery has two electrodes made of different metals & have a
ELECTROLYTE Solution that adds chemical reaction.
• At positive end of battery has an electrode called Cathode & negative
side has an other electrode called as Anode.
• Chemical reaction between electrodes & Electrolyte chemical causes
electrons to move from Cathode to Anode.
• This transfer of electrons towards Anode generates voltage
Generators(Voltage Source)
• Generators use mechanical energy to generate voltage.
• Generator is made using magnetic and a wire.
• By moving magnet around/inside wire causes electrons to move in some direction which
generates the voltage.
• The process is called Electro magnetic Induction.
• Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction)
is a process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic
field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field)
causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.
• This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current - it is said to induce the current.
• Michael Faraday is given credit for the discovery of
electromagnetic induction in 1831.

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