IP ADDRESS AND

SUBNETTING
1
P.THAMIZHIKKAVI
Research Scholar
Department of C.Tech
WHAT IS IP ADDRESS
A unique string of characters that identifies
each computer using the Internet Protocol to
communicate over a network.

 Dotted decimal notation.

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DOTTED DECIMAL NOTATION
 Four dotted decimal values - octal
 Each octal have 8 binary bits
 Value upto 256(2^8)
 Value ranges from 0 - 255

3
EXAMPLE OF IP ADDRESS
 10.0.0.1
 172.16.0.1
 192.168.0.1
 255.255.255.255

Dec Binary Dec Binary Dec Binary Dec Binary

10 0000 1010 0 0000 0000 0 0000 0000 1 0000 0001

172 1010 1100 16 0001 0000 0 0000 0000 1 0000 0001
192 1100 0000 168 1010 1000 0 0000 0000 1 0000 0001
255 1111 1111 255 1111 1111 255 1111 1111 255 1111 1111

4
TYPES OF IP ADDRESS
 Public
 Private
 Static
 Dynamic.

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CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS
 Class A
 Class B
 Class C
 Class D
 Class E

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CLASS A
 Range : 0 – 127
 No of octal in network part : 1
 No of octal in host part : 3
 Private IP in class A : 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255

Octal 1 Octal 2 Octal 3 Octal 4

Network Host Host Host
20 23 1 31
10 10 10 10

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CLASS B
 Range : 128-191
 No of octal in network part : 2
 No of octal in host part : 2
 Private IP in class A : 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255

Octal 1 Octal 2 Octal 3 Octal 4

Network Network Host Host
130 25 16 12
172 16 0 1

8
CLASS C
 Range : 192-223
 No of octal in network part : 3
 No of octal in host part : 1
 Private IP in class A : 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255

Octal 1 Octal 2 Octal 3 Octal 4

Network Network Network Host
200 23 56 13
192 168 10 1

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CLASS D
 Range : 224 - 239
 Class D is for multicast networking 

10
CLASS E
 Range : 240 - 255
 Class E address range is reserved for future or experimental purposes.

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RANGE OF IP FOR EACH
CLASS
 Class A – 0 to 127
 Class B – 128 to 191
 Class C – 192 to 223
 Class D – 224 to 239
 Class E – 240 to 255

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HINT TO REMEMBER THE
RANGE
CLASS Power of 2 from right to left
power 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0 Start
value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Value
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128
C 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192
D 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 224
E 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 240

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DETAIL EXAMPLE OF IP
ADDRESS
Class A Class B Class C
Network ID 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 192.168.10.0
First IP address 10.0.0.1 172.16.0.0 192.168.10.1
Last IP address 10.255.255.254 172.16.255.254 192.168.10.254
Network broadcast 10.255.255.255 172.16.255.255 192.168.10.255
Total number of IP in a 1,67,77,216 65536 256
network

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SUBNET MASK
 For people understanding
 Class A – first eight bit is in network part - /8
 Class B - first sixteen bit is in network part - /16
 Class C – first twenty four bit is in network part - /24

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SUBNET MASK
 Convert all network part bits into 1
 Class A
 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
 255.0.0.0

 Class B
 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
 255.255.0.0

 Class C
 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
 255.255.255.0

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 WHY SUBNETTING
To reduce the wastage of IP address

Class A Class B Class C

Total number of IP in a 1,67,77,216 65536 256
network

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CLASSFUL AND CLASSLESS IP
ADDRESS
 Classful IP address
 10.0.0.1/8
 172.16.0.1/16
 192.168.10.1/24
 Classless IP address
 10.15.26.4/12
 172.16.33.56/19
 192.168.10.55/26

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TYPES OF SUBNETTING
 Based on requirement of

 Network

 Host

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POWER OF 2
Power of 2 Value
2^0 1
2^1 2
2^2 4
2^3 8
2^4 16
2^5 32
2^6 64
2^7 128
2^8 256
2^9 512
2^10 1024
2^11 2048
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BASED ON NETWORK
 Number of networks required.
 All networks are treated as same.
 It is a left to right approach

21
EXAMPLE
 Do subnetting for the classful IP address 172.16.0.0/8.
 To be divided into 16 network.
 Tell the first network details , second network details and last network details.
 Calculate the subnet mask.

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CALCULATION
 Number of network required – 16
 Calculation its near biggest value in power of 2
 2^4 – 16

 Calculated number bit number is – 4.

 IP address in binary:
172 16 0 0
1010 1100 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

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CALCULATION
 IP address
 172.16.0.0/16
 1010110000010000/0000000000000000

 Network part 16 bit

 Host part 16 bit
 Use only host part to divide.
 Calculated bit value 4
 Adding calculated value into network part
 Updated bit share
 Network part – 20
 Host part - 12

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CALCULATION
 Updated IP address
 10101100000100000000/000000000000

 Converting as decimal value

 10101100.00010000.0000/0000.00000000
 172.16.0.0/20

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CALCULATE NEXT NETWORK
ID
 Increase the right first bit of network part

 First network ID
 10101100000100000000/00000000000

 Second network ID
 10101100000100000001/000000000000

 Converting into decimal

 10101100.00010000.0001/0000.00000000
 Decimal value of 00010000 is 16
 172.16.16.0 /20

 Calculated ID
 First network ID : 172.16.0.0 /20
 Second network ID : 172.16.16.0 /20

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INCREMENTAL VALUE
 The calculated value for the given question is
 16

 All the other networks ID will be created using the incremental value only.
 For example :
 172.16.0.0
 172.16.16.0
 172.16.32.0
 172.16.48.0
 ….
 172.16.240.0

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FIRST NETWORK ID DETAILS
 Network ID : 172.16.0.0
 First IP : 172.16.0.1
 Last IP : 172.16.15.254
 Broadcast IP : 172.16.15.255

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SECOND NETWORK ID
DETAILS
 Network ID : 172.16.16.0
 First IP : 172.16.16.1
 Last IP : 172.16.31.254
 Broadcast IP : 172.16.31.255

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SUBNET MASK CALCULATION
 IP address : 10101100000100000000/000000000000
 In 8 bits form
 10101100.00010000.0000/0000.00000000

 Change all network part as 1.

 11111111.11111111.1111/0000.00000000

 Convert into decimal

 255.255.240.0

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SUBNETTING ANALYSIS
 In classful IP address
 172.16.0.0 /16
 Number of IP address – 65536

 In classless IP address
 172.16.16.0 /20
 Number of IP address – 6656

 All 16 divided networks will have 6,656 valid IP addresses

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BASED ON HOST
 How many host are required on each network.
 The network require more number of host is calculated first.
 It is a right to left approach

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EXAMPLE
 Do subnetting for the classful IP address 172.16.0.0 /8.
 To be divided into 3 network.
 First network should have 1000 host
 Second network should have 512 host
 Third network should have 250 host

 Tell all the network details.

 Calculate the subnet mask.

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IMPORTANT NOTE:
 Dividing based on network requirement wont focus on number of valid IP addresses.
 But dividing based on host part should always focus on vaild IP addresses
 Add in count the below details
 Network ID – 1
 Broadcast ID – 1
 Required IP – n

 So the required value of host is to taken as “n+2”

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FOR FIRST NETWORK
 Number of host required – 1000
 To be taken as - 1002
 Calculation its near biggest value in power of 2
 2^10 – 1024

 Calculated number bit number is – 10.

 IP address in binary:

172 16 0 0
1010 1100 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

35
CALCULATION
 IP address
 172.16.0.0/16
 1010110000010000/0000000000000000

 Network part 16 bit

 Host part 16 bit
 Use only host part to divide.
 Calculated bit value 10
 Network part = host part – calculated value
 Updated bit share
 Network part – 22
 Host part - 10

36
CALCULATION
 Updated IP address
 1010110000010000000000/0000000000

 Converting as decimal value

 10101100.00010000.000000/00.00000000
 172.16.0.0/22

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CALCULATE NEXT NETWORK
ID
 Increase the right first bit of network part

 First network ID
 1010110000010000000000/000000000

 Second network ID
 1010110000010000000001/0000000000

 Converting into decimal

 10101100.00010000.000001/00.00000000
 Decimal value of 00000100 is 4
 172.16.4.0 /22

 Calculated ID
 First network ID : 172.16.0.0 /22
 Second network ID : 172.16.4.0 /22

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INCREMENTAL VALUE
 The calculated value for the given question is
 4

 All the other networks ID will be created using the incremental value only.
 For example :
 172.16.0.0
 172.16.4.0

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FIRST NETWORK ID DETAILS
 Network ID : 172.16.0.0
 First IP : 172.16.0.1
 Last IP : 172.16.3.254
 Broadcast IP : 172.16.3.255

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SUBNET MASK CALCULATION
 IP address : 1010110000010000000000/0000000000
 In 8 bits form
 10101100.00010000.000000/00.00000000

 Change all network part as 1.

 11111111.11111111.111111/00.00000000

 Convert into decimal

 255.255.252.0

41
FOR SECOND NETWORK
 Number of host required – 512
 To be taken as - 514
 Calculation its near biggest value in power of 2
 2^10 – 1024

 Calculated number bit number is – 10.

 IP address to be taken here is : 172.16.4.0 /22
 IP address in binary:

172 16 4 0
1010 1100 0001 0000 0000 0100 0000 0000

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CALCULATION
 IP address
 172.16.4.0 /22
 10101100000100000001/0000000000

 Network part 22 bit

 Host part 10 bit
 Since host part and calculated part is same, no chance
 Updated bit share
 Network part – 22
 Host part - 10

43
CALCULATION
 Updated IP address
 1010110000010000000001/0000000000

 172.16.4.0/ 22

44
CALCULATE NEXT NETWORK
ID
 Increase the right first bit of network part

 First network ID
 1010110000010000000001/000000000

 Second network ID
 1010110000010000000010/0000000000

 Converting into decimal

 10101100.00010000.000010/00.00000000
 Decimal value of 00000100 is 8
 172.16.8.0 /22

 Calculated ID
 First network ID : 172.16.4.0 /22
 Second network ID : 172.16.8.0 /22

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NETWORK ID DETAILS
 Network ID : 172.16.4.0
 First IP : 172.16.4.1
 Last IP : 172.16.7.254
 Broadcast IP : 172.16.7.255

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SUBNET MASK CALCULATION
 IP address : 1010110000010000000001/0000000000
 In 8 bits form
 10101100.00010000.000001/00.00000000

 Change all network part as 1.

 11111111.11111111.111111/00.00000000

 Convert into decimal

 255.255.252.0

47
FOR THIRD NETWORK
 Number of host required – 250
 To be taken as - 252
 Calculation its near biggest value in power of 2
 2^8 – 256

 Calculated number bit number is – 8.

 IP address to be taken here is : 172.16.8.0 /22
 IP address in binary:

172 16 8 0
1010 1100 0001 0000 0000 1000 0000 0000

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CALCULATION
 IP address
 172.16.8.0 /22
 10101100000100000010/0000000000

 Network part 22 bit

 Host part 10 bit
 Calculated bit value - 8
 Network part = host part – calculated value
 Updated bit share
 Network part – 24
 Host part - 8

49
CALCULATION
 Updated IP address
 101011000001000000001000/00000000

 172.16.8.0/ 24

50
CALCULATE NEXT NETWORK
ID
 Increase the right first bit of network part

 First network ID
 101011000001000000001000/0000000

 Second network ID
 101011000001000000001001/00000000

 Converting into decimal

 10101100.00010000.00001001.00000000
 Decimal value of 00001001 is 9
 172.16.9.0 /24

 Calculated ID
 First network ID : 172.16.8.0 /24
 Second network ID : 172.16.9.0 /24

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INCREMENT VALUE
 Increment value for third network is – 1
 First network : 172.16.8.0
 Next network : 172.16.9.0

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NETWORK ID DETAILS
 Network ID : 172.16.8.0
 First IP : 172.16.8.1
 Last IP : 172.16.8.254
 Broadcast IP : 172.16.8.255

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SUBNET MASK CALCULATION
 IP address : 101011000001000000001000/00000000
 In 8 bits form
 10101100.00010000.00001000./00000000

 Change all network part as 1.

 11111111.11111111.11111111./00000000

 Convert into decimal

 255.255.255.0

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FINAL ANSWER
1000 host 512 host 250 host
Network ID 172.16.0.0 /22 172.16.4.0 /22 172.16.8.0 /24
First IP address 172.16.0.1 /22 172.16.4.1 /22 172.16.8.1 /24
Last IP address 172.16.3.254 /22 172.16.7.254 /22 172.16.8.254 /24
Network broadcast 172.16.3.255 /22 172.16.7.255 /22 172.16.8.255 /24
Total no of valid IP 1024 1024 256
address

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HINT TABLE FOR
SUBNETTING Increament value

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
II 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
octal

III 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
IV 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
0 (A) 128 (B) 192 (C) 224 (D) 240 (E) 248 252 254 255

Subnet mask

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QUESTIO
NS???

57
THANK
YOU

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