2 - Humanmovementsystem

Skeletal and muscular system
Concept mapping
What is skeleton?
 Skeleton: collection of
bones that holds our body
up.
Baby has 305 bones and an
adult has 206 bones
 Why ?
 because as we grown some
of our bones join together to
form one bone
Types of skeletons
• Exo-skeleton: animals that
have shells
• Endo-skeleton: hard structure
inside the animal.
• Hydrostatic skeleton:
• Fluid held inside the
body
• No skeleton
Five functions of our skeletons
1.Protect the vital organs
2.Give us shape
3.Allow us to move because our
muscles are attached to our
bones
4.Storage of nutrients such as
calcium and silicon
5.Formation of blood cells
Human
skeleton
s
X-rays
The tool used to examine bones
Components of Skeletal System
• Bone
• Cartilage: three types
–Hyaline
–Fibro cartilage
–Elastic
6-9
Bone Shapes • Long / Pipe
– Ex. Upper and lower
limbs
Short
•
– Ex. Carpals and tarsals,
bones in wrist and ankles
Flat
•
– Ex. Ribs, sternum,
skull, scapulae
• Irregular
– Ex. Vertebrae, facial

6-10
Long Bone Structure
• Long bone surrounds by
tissues called periosteum
• Under periosteum is tissues
called compact bone/ hard
bone which contains bone
cells, blood vessels, Ca,
Phosphorus, and elastic fibers
• Ends of long bone covered by
tissues called cartilage
What is bone marrow?
 Fatty tissue, located in the cavities in the

center of long bones or spaces of spongy
bones
Red marrow produce erythrocytes, most of
leucocytes and platelets
Yellow marrow produce some leucocytes. It
colors is due to the much higher number of
fat cells
No diaphysses and
not elongated
Compact Bone
6-14
 Central or Haversian canals: parallel to long axis
Perforating or Volkmann’s canal: perpendicular to
long axis. Both perforating and central canals contain
blood vessels. Direct flow of nutrients from vessels
through cell processes of osteoblasts and from one
cell to the next.
Lamellae: concentric, circumferential, interstitial
Osteon or Haversian system: central canal, contents,
associated concentric lamellae and osteocytes
Osteocytes. Mature bone cells. Surrounded by matrix
 Lacunae: spaces occupied by osteocyte cell body
 Canaliculi: canals occupied by osteocyte cell
processes
Osteocytess
6-16
Bone Histology
Bone matrix. Like reinforced concrete. Rebar is collagen fibers,
cement is hydroxyapetite
– Organic: collagen and proteoglycans
–Inorganic: hydroxyapetite. CaPO crystals
4
Bone cells (see following slides for particulars)
– Osteoblasts Formation of bone through ossification or
osteogenesis.
– Osteocytes
– Osteoclasts Resorption of bone
–Stem cells or osteochondral progenitor cells
–Woven bone: collagen fibers randomly oriented Lamellar
bone: mature bone in sheets Cancellous bone: trabeculae
Compact bone: dense 6-17
Bone
Matrix
• If mineral removed, bone is too bendable If

• collagen removed, bone is too brittle
• Extracellular matrix contains mineralization by crystal which
contains Ca, Phosphate, and Carbonate (Hydroxyapetite)
6-18
Cancellouss (Spongy) Bone
Trabeculae: interconnecting rods or plates of bone. Like scaffolding.

– Spaces filled with marrow.
– Covered with endosteum.
– Oriented along stress lines
6-19
Bone Development
cartilages (before born)
Osteoblast (bone forming cells contains Ca and P)
Osteocytes (bone cells)
Osteoclast(destroy bone tissues and release Ca and P in

blood circulation)
Chicken Bone Experiment
Aim
To see what happens to bones when we leave them in acid (vinegar)
and water.
This experiment can be set up and left in your classroom for the next
four days after which the students will see the results.
Students mission is to write up what they think will happen to the chicken
bones in each bottle and why?
Materials and Equipment

Clean chicken bones ( thigh bones)
Two glass jars with lids per group
Water
White vinegar
Paper towels
PROCEDURE
1. Place some chicken bones in each jar.
2. Label one jar with your groups name, date and ‘water’ –
add the bones and water
3. Label the second jar with your groups name, date and
‘vinegar’ – add bones and vinegar
4. Leave the jars for about 3 weeks after which you can
remove and dry the bones on some paper towels
5. Observe the difference in the two sets of bones
DISCUSSION
What has happened to each set of bones and why?
Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Size and shape of a bone determined genetically but can be modified and
influenced by nutrition and hormones
Nutrition
– Lack of calcium, protein and other nutrients during growth and development can
cause bones to be small
– Vitamin D
• Necessary for absorption of calcium from intestines
• Can be eaten or manufactured in the body
• Rickets: lack of vitamin D during childhood
• Osteomalacias: lack of vitamin D during adulthood leading to softening of bones
– Vitamin C
• Necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts
• Scurvy: deficiency of vitamin C
• Lack of vitamin C also causes wounds not to heal, teeth to fall out
6-23
Factors Affecting Bone Growth, cont.
• Hormones
– Growth hormone from anterior pituitary.
Stimulates interstitial cartilage growth and
appositional bone growth
– Thyroid hormone required for growth of all
tissues
– Sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
• Cause growth at puberty, but also cause closure of
the epiphyseal plates and the cessation of growth6-24
Bone Fractures • Open (compound)- bone break
with open wound. Bone may be
sticking out of wound.
•
Closed (simple)- Skin not
• perforated.
Incomplete- doesn’t extend
• across the bone. Complete-
does
Comminuted fractures:
complete with break into more
than two pieces
6-25
Joints
 Joints are the point were bones meet.
There are two groups, movable and
immovable joints
 Ball-and-socket joints- formed when a
rounded head of one bone fits into the
rounded cavity of an jointed bone.
 Hinge joints-would include elbow, knee,
ankle, and fingers. Allows extension and
retraction of apendage
 Sadle joints- A saddle joint allows
movement back and forth and up and
down, bot does not allow for rotation like
a ball and socket joint.
• Gliding joints- In a gliding or plane
joint bones slide past each other.
Midcarpal and midtarsal joints are
gliding joints.
• Pivot joints- allow limited rotation

or turning of the head
• Ellipsoidal joints- bone in wrist, and

a oval shaped part that fits in a
curved space, the joints slide over
each other
Muscles
An organ that can contract to become shorter
Functions of the Muscular System

Involuntary
Some involuntary functions of the muscular system are
muscles to help you breathe, make your heart beat, and help
move food through the digestive system.
Voluntary
Some voluntary functions of the muscular system are like
playing piano, running, playing video games, and throwing a ball.
An organ that can contract to become
Muscles shorter
Cardiac
Muscle
 One, centrally located nucleus

 Presence of striations
 Short, branched cells
 Presence of intercalated discs
 “involuntary”
Skeletal Muscle
• Many, peripherally located nuclei (develops from
many myoblasts)
• Presence of striations
• Long (up to 30 cm), thin cells
• “voluntary”
• Neurogenic (contraction is initiated my motor
neuron input)
• Can fatigue
Smooth Muscle
One, centrally located nucleus
No striations
Short, tapered cells
“involuntary”
Myogenic with some neurogenic
modulation
Does not fatigue
 Synergists = muscles that work together to
produce certain movements (ex. Multiple arm
muscles are needed for flexion of the
antibrachium)
 Antagonists = muscle(s) that work(s) to oppose
certain actions = moves the structure in the
opposite direction (ex. Triceps brachii is an
antagonist to the biceps brachii and causes
extension of the antibrachium)
• Muscles consist of a –
–Belly = the region with the muscle fibers
–Tendon = connective tissue at the ends of the
muscle that is continuous with the muscle and the
connective tissue layer of the bone to which the
muscle attaches
–Fascia = connective tissue layer that surrounds
the muscle
Fractures Joints
Dislocation- is when the ligaments
attached to the bone are torn or
out of place
Torn cartilage- is a sharp blow or
twisting of the joint
Arthritis- inflammation of the joint
and is a result of natural wear and
tear
Fasiculus = a bundle of muscle
fibers, many per muscle
Epimysium (fascia) = connective

tissue layer that holds many fasiculi
together, with the associated
nerves, arteries and veins, to form
a muscle (an organ)
Muscle Fiber = a single muscle

cell
Perimysium = connective tissue

Endomysium =
layer that surrounds and produces
connective layer
a fasiculus
surrounding a single
muscle fiber
Microscopic anatomy of muscle cells
Sarcomere = smallest contractile unit in a

muscle fiber; extends from Z-line to Z-line
A (anisotrophic band) band = “without change band”
= at low magnification it looks the same regardless of
the contractile state of the muscle; contains thick
myofilaments overlapped with thin myofilaments
I (isotrophic band) band = “with change band”
= density changes at low magnification depending
upon the contractile state of the muscle; at rest,
contains only thin myofilaments
Z-lines = dense regions at the ends of
sarcomeres, serve as sites of thin filament
attachment
H-zone = region in the middle of the A-zone that at
rest contains only thick filaments
Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscular Contraction
Muscle contraction occurs
when thick (myosin) and thin
(actin) myofilaments are
allowed to interact; thin
filaments “slide” along thick
filaments to the center of the
sarcomere, thus shortening
the contractile unit
1. Gastrocnemius
2. Sartorius
3. Deltoid
4. Sternocleidomastoid
5. Tibialis
6. Hamstring group
7. Rectus Abdominus
8. Triceps
9. Biceps
10.Extensor Group

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Skeletal and muscular system

– Ex. Vertebrae, facial

 Fatty tissue, located in the cavities in the

• If mineral removed, bone is too bendable If

Trabeculae: interconnecting rods or plates of bone. Like scaffolding.

Osteoblast (bone forming cells contains Ca and P)

Osteocytes (bone cells)

Osteoclast(destroy bone tissues and release Ca and P in

Materials and Equipment

• Pivot joints- allow limited rotation

• Ellipsoidal joints- bone in wrist, and

Functions of the Muscular System

 One, centrally located nucleus

Epimysium (fascia) = connective

Muscle Fiber = a single muscle

Perimysium = connective tissue

Sarcomere = smallest contractile unit in a

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