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    Genbio 2

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    Pawn Rook
    The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones to regulate metabolism, growth, development, sleep, mood, and other processes. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas. In plants, hormones like auxin, gibberellins, and abscisic acid trigger growth responses and influence processes like phototropism, germination, and stomatal closure. Across animal species, endocrine systems utilize structures like the pineal body, thymus, and neurosecretory cells to regulate functions through hormone signaling.

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    Genbio 2

    Uploaded by

    Pawn Rook
    55 views39 pages
    The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones to regulate metabolism, growth, development, sleep, mood, and other processes. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas. In plants, hormones like auxin, gibberellins, and abscisic acid trigger growth responses and influence processes like phototropism, germination, and stomatal closure. Across animal species, endocrine systems utilize structures like the pineal body, thymus, and neurosecretory cells to regulate functions through hormone signaling.

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    genbio2

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    The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones to regulate metabolism, growth, development, sleep, mood, and other processes. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas. In plants, hormones like auxin, gibberellins, and abscisic acid trigger growth responses and influence processes like phototropism, germination, and stomatal closure. Across animal species, endocrine systems utilize structures like the pineal body, thymus, and neurosecretory cells to regulate functions through hormone signaling.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    55 views39 pages

    Genbio 2

    Uploaded by

    Pawn Rook
    The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones to regulate metabolism, growth, development, sleep, mood, and other processes. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas. In plants, hormones like auxin, gibberellins, and abscisic acid trigger growth responses and influence processes like phototropism, germination, and stomatal closure. Across animal species, endocrine systems utilize structures like the pineal body, thymus, and neurosecretory cells to regulate functions through hormone signaling.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 39

    bochins.

    paw

    Endorcine System
    GENBIO 2
    Overview

    The endocrine system is a complex network of


    glands and organs. It uses hormones to control
    and coordinate your body's metabolism, energy
    level, reproduction, growth and development,
    and response to injury, stress, and mood.
    Endocrine System
    Hypothalamus
    A structure deep in your brain, acts as your
    body's smart control coordinating center. Its
    main function is to keep your body in a stable
    state called homeostasis. It does its job by
    directly influencing your autonomic nervous
    system or by managing hormones.
    Hypothalamus
    Pineal Gland
    also called the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri,
    is a tiny gland in your brain that's located
    beneath the back part of the corpus callosum.
    It's a part of your endocrine system and secretes
    the hormone melatonin.
    Pineal Gland
    Pituitary
    Also known as hypophysis, is a small, pea-sized
    gland located at the base of your brain below
    your hypothalamus. It sits in its own little
    chamber under your brain known as the sella
    turcica. It's a part of your endocrine system and
    is in charge of making several essential
    hormones.
    Pituitary
    Thyroid and parathyroid
    The thyroid gland uses iodine from food to
    make two thyroid hormones that regulate the
    way the body uses energy. The parathyroid
    glands are four tiny glands located behind the
    thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands produce
    a substance (parathyroid hormone) that helps
    control the amount of calcium in the blood.
    Thyroid and parathyroid
    Thymus
    An organ that is part of the lymphatic system,
    in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The
    thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone.
    Thymus
    Adrenal gland
    Also known as suprarenal glands, are small,
    triangular-shaped glands located on top of both
    kidneys. Adrenal glands produce hormones that
    help regulate your metabolism, immune system,
    blood pressure, response to stress and other
    essential functions.
    Adrenal gland
    Pancreas
    Your pancreas plays a big role in digestion. It is
    located inside your abdomen, just behind your
    stomach. It's about the size of your hand.
    During digestion, your pancreas makes
    pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes
    break down sugars, fats, and starches.
    Pancreas
    Ovary
    One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs
    form and the female hormones estrogen and
    progesterone are made. These hormones play an
    important role in female traits, such as breast
    development, body shape, and body hair. They
    are also involved in the menstrual cycle,
    fertility, and pregnancy.
    Ovary
    Testis
    One of two egg-shaped glands inside the
    scrotum that produce sperm and male
    hormones. Also called testicle.
    Testis
    bochins.paw

    Endorcine System
    IN ANIMALS
    Reptiles
    Reptiles usually have two pairs of thymus
    glands located cranial to the heart. They are
    closely associated with the common carotid
    artery, jugular vein and vagus nerve.
    Insects
    The endocrine glands of insects are of 2 types:
    1) neurosecretory cells within the central
    nervous system, and 2) specialized endocrine
    glands such as the corpora cardiaca, corpora
    allata, and the prothoracic glands. *
    Neurosecretory cells normally occur in the
    ganglia of the CNS.
    Insects
    Cnidaria
    Although cnidarians lack a defined endocrine
    gland, certain cells in the nervous system are
    known to produce neuropeptides, which are
    implicated in the regulation of metamorphosis
    and peristaltic contractions. Cnidarians often
    have a life cycle consisting of planula larva,
    polyp, and medusa stages.
    Cnidaria
    Avian
    The avian endocrine system is comparable to
    that of mammals and consists of eight glands:
    the pituitary-hypothalamus complex, the
    gonads, pancreatic islets, adrenal glands,
    thyroid glands, parathyroid glands,
    ultimobranchial glands, and the endocrine cells
    of the gut
    Avians
    Crustaceans
    Among the crustaceans, the major
    neuroendocrine system consists of the
    neurosecretory X-organ and its associated
    neurohemal organ, the sinus gland. Both an X-
    organ and a sinus gland are located in each
    eyestalk, and together they are termed the
    eyestalk complex.
    Crustaceans
    bochins.paw

    Endorcine System
    IN PLANTS
    Plants
    Unlike humans and other animals, plants do not
    have an endocrine system or endocrine glands.
    But they do have hormones, which affect
    various processes related to plant growth,
    including gene expression, metabolism and cell
    division.
    Plants
    However plants respond to changes in the
    environment by growing their stems, roots, or
    leaves toward or away from the stimulus. This
    response, or behavior, is called a tropism.
    Auxin
    • Bending toward a light source (phototropism).
    • Downward root growth in response to gravity
    (geotropism).
    • Promotion of apical dominance (the tendency of an
    apical bud to produce hormones that suppress the
    growth of the buds below it on the stem).
    • Flower formation.
    • Fruit set and growth.
    • Formation of adventitious roots.
    Gibberellins
    stimulate cell division and elongation, break seed
    dormancy, and speed germination. The seeds of some
    species are difficult to germinate; you can soak them
    in a GA solution to get them started.
    Abscisic acid
    Abscisic acid (ABA) is a general plant-growth
    inhibitor. It induces dormancy and prevents seeds
    from germinating; causes abscission of leaves, fruits,
    and flowers; and causes stomata to close. High
    concentrations of ABA in guard cells during periods
    of drought stress probably play a role in stomatal
    closure. It is produced in the roots of the plant as well
    as the terminal buds at the top of the plant.
    bochins.paw

    Thank you...
    Any Questions?
    References
    https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/anatomy-of-the-endocrine-system#:~:text=The%20endocrine%20system%20is
    %20a,Hypothalamus.
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22566-hypothalamus#:~:text=Your%20hypothalamus%2C%20a%20structure%20deep,system%20or
    %20by%20managing%20hormones.
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23334-pineal-gland#:~:text=Your%20pineal%20gland%2C%20also%20called,and%20secretes%20the
    %20hormone%20melatonin.
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21459-pituitary-gland#:~:text=Your%20pituitary%20gland%20(also%20known,of%20making%20several
    %20essential%20hormones.
    https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=aa125286#:~:text=The%20thyroid%20gland%20uses%20iodine,of%20calcium%20in
    %20the%20blood.
    https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/thymus
    https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/the-digestive-process-what-is-the-role-of-your-pancreas-in-digestion#:~:text=Your
    %20pancreas%20plays%20a%20big,sugars%2C%20fats%2C%20and%20starches.
    https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/testis
    https://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/techniques/how-hormones-growth-regulators-affect-your-plants
    https://en.wikivet.net/Snake_Endocrine_System#:~:text=Reptiles%20usually%20have%20two%20pairs,only%20a%20single%20bilateral%20lobe.
    https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~rider/Pentatomoidea/Teaching%20Structure/Lecture%20Notes/Week%2016a%20Endocrine%20System.pdf
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/cnidaria#:~:text=Although%20cnidarians%20lack%20a%20defined,%2C
    %20polyp%2C%20and%20medusa%20stages.
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