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Final Physics

This document contains instructions and results for an experiment on Ohm's law. It includes an introduction explaining Ohm's law, the apparatus used, theory behind resistivity and resistance, experimental procedures, observations recorded, calculations of resistance and resistivity for two wires, sources of error, conclusions that resistance depends on conductor dimensions while resistivity does not, and bibliography.

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Shubh Chandegara
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48 views18 pages

Final Physics

This document contains instructions and results for an experiment on Ohm's law. It includes an introduction explaining Ohm's law, the apparatus used, theory behind resistivity and resistance, experimental procedures, observations recorded, calculations of resistance and resistivity for two wires, sources of error, conclusions that resistance depends on conductor dimensions while resistivity does not, and bibliography.

Uploaded by

Shubh Chandegara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Index

Sr.No Contents Page No.


1 Certificate
2 Acknowledgment 1
3 Introduction
4 Aim
5 Apparatus
6 Theory
7 Procedure
8 Observation Table
9 Calculations
10 Conclusion
11 Result
12 Bibliography
13 Precautions And Sources of Error
Acknowledgement
The successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the names of those
people who have helped to make it possible.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude in a few


words with respect to all those who have helped me in
the completion of this project.

It’s my pleasure to express my profound gratitude


towards my Physics teacher Ms. Lata Mazumdar for
her valuable support, constant help, and guidance at
each and every stage, without which this project would
not have come forth.

I also register my gratitude to our Principal Dr. Sunita


Singh for her immense encouragement that has made
this project successful.
Apparatus:
• A battery eliminator

• Voltmeter (0-3 V)

• Milliammeter (0-500 mA)

• One way key

• Connecting wires

• Resistance wires

• Micrometer screw gauge

• Rheostat

• A meter scale
RESULT
Rx = 6.57 Ω (Ohm)

Ry = 10 Ω (Ohm)

Resistivity of wire “X” =

Resistivity of wire “Y” =


Precautions

1. Connections should be tight.

2. Short-circuiting should be avoided.

3. The plug should be inserted only while

taking observations otherwise current

would cause unnecessary heating.

4. A low-resistance rheostat should be

used.
Sources o f e r r o r

1. The instrum ent screws may be loose

2. Thick connecting wires may not be

available.

3. Rheostat may have high resistance.


Theory

 Ohm’s law states t h a t the current


through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the voltage across
the two points.

 Ohm’s law formula is written as;

 V∝ I

 Therefore, V = RI where R is a constant


called resistance. R depends on the
dimensions of the conductor a nd also on
the material of the conductor. Its SI unit is
Ohm (Ω).
 As far as its significance is concerned,
this law is used within all branches of
electronic studies or science. The law is
useful in carrying out calculations such as
in determining the value of resistors or the
current in a circuit or in measuring the
voltage.

 Additionally, Ohm’s law helps us describe


how current flows through materials
such as electrical wires, etc.
Procedur
e
1. Arrange the various components of the circuit
accordingly with a plug out of a one-way key.
2. Rub the ends of the connecting wires with
sandpaper to remove any oxidized insulating
coating. Study the circuit carefully and make
tight connections accordingly using thick
connecting wires.
3. Ensure that the ammeter is connected with the
resistance wire with its positive terminal
towards the positive of the battery. Also, ensure
that the voltmeter is connected in parallel to
resistance coil R in such a manner that the
current enters at its positive end.
4. Connect the rheostat such that it’s one of its
terminals and the upper terminals are used.

5. Insert the plugin key K.

6. Adjust the rheostat so that a small current


flows through the circuit. Record the readings
of the ammeter and the voltmeter.

7. Shift the rheostat contact to shift the current


and take the readings again.

8. Cut the resistance wire at the ends just coming


out of the voltmeter. Stretch it along the meter
scale and measure its length ‘’l’.

9. Record your observations.


What Determines resistivity??
• The electrical resistance of a conductor of unit
cross-sectional area and unit length.
A characteristic property of each material,
resistivity is useful in comparing various materials
on the basis of their ability to conduct electric
currents. High resistivity designates poor
conductors.
• Resistivity, commonly symbolized by the Greek
letter rho, ρ, is quantitatively equal to the
resistance R of a specimen such as a wire,
multiplied by its cross-sectional area A, and
divided by its length l, ρ = RA/l. The unit of
resistance is the ohm. In the metre-kilogram-
second (mks) system, the ratio of the area in
square metres to length in metres simplifies to just
metres. Thus, in the metre-kilogram-second
system, the unit of resistivity is ohm-metre. If
lengths are measured in centimetres, resistivity
Introduction

• Ohm’s law states that the current through a


conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the
two points. Introducing the constant of
proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the
usual mathematical equation that describes this
relationship.
i=v/r
• Where I is the current through a conductor in
units of amperes, V is the potential difference
measured across the conductor in units of volts,
and R is the resistance of the conductor in units
of ohm’s. More specifically, Ohm’s law states
Resistance
• Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current
flow in an electrical circuit.
• Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the
Greek letter omega (Ω). Ohms are named after Georg
Simon Ohm (1784-1854), a German physicist who
studied the relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance. He is credited for formulating Ohm's Law.
• An object of a uniform cross-section has a resistance
proportional to its resistivity and length and inversely
proportional to its’s cross-sectional area. All materials
show some resistance except for superconductors
which have a resistance of zero.
Conclusion

Here the value of resistance is different and

the resistivity ha s almost the same value

therefore, we can conclude t h a t resistance

depends on the dimensions of the conductor,

whereas resistivity does not.


Bibliography

 XIIth PHYSICS NCERT TEXTBOOK

 WIKIPEDIA

 CONCEPT OF PHYSICS BY HC

VERMA

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