Chapter 9

Solids and Fluids

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 Chapter Outline

9.1 States of Matter

9.2 Density and Pressure
9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth
9.5 Pressure Measurements
9.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle

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 9.1 States of Matter

Matter exists in four forms:

 solid – at small temperatures, T > 0 Kelvin, a substance
is in solid form; its atoms will be vibrating around
positions of equilibrium
 fluid – at higher temperatures, the substance melts to
the fluid state
 gas – beyond the substance’s boiling point, it vaporizes
into the gas state
 plasma – when heat is supplied to an atom, it will be
ionized; the resulting gas of the positively charges ions
is called plasma
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 9.1 States of Matter

Solids
 Have definite volume
 Have definite shape
 Molecules are held in specific
locations
By electrical forces
 Vibrate about equilibrium
positions
 Can be modeled as springs
connecting molecules
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 9.1 States of Matter

Solids
 External forces can be applied to the solid and
compress the material
In the model, the springs would be compressed

 When the force is removed, the solid returns to its

original shape and size
This property is called elasticity

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 9.1 States of Matter

Liquid
 Has a definite volume
 No definite shape
 Exists at a higher temperature than
solids
 The molecules “wander” through
the liquid in a random fashion
 The intermolecular forces are not
strong enough to keep the molecules in
a fixed position
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 9.1 States of Matter

Gas
 Has no definite volume
 Has no definite shape
 Molecules are in constant random motion
 The molecules exert only weak forces on each other
 Average distance between molecules is large compared
to the size of the molecules

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 9.1 States of Matter

Plasma
 Gas heated to a very high temperature
 Many of the electrons are freed from the nucleus
 Result is a collection of free, electrically charged ions
 Plasmas exist inside stars.

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 9.2 Density and Pressure

 The density of a substance of mass m occupying a

volume V is expressed as follows:
mass per unit volume

• SI unit of density → kg/m3

 Every substance has its own unique density.

 Density varies with physical state and temperature.

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 9.2 Density and Pressure

 Relative density or specific gravity (SG) – the density of

a substance divided by the density of water (at 4°C).

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 9.2 Density and Pressure

 The pressure – it is a measure of the amount of force

applied over a given area:

• SI unit of pressure → N/m2 or Pascal (Pa)

 1 Pa = amount of pressure exerted when a 1-N force is

applied across a 1- m2 surface:
1Pa = 1 N / m2

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 Example

 The mattress of a water bed is 2.00m long by 2.00m

wide and 30.0cm deep.
a) Find the weight of the water in the mattress.
Solution

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 Example

 The mattress of a water bed is 2.00m long by 2.00m

wide and 30.0cm deep.
b) Find the pressure exerted by the water on the floor
when the bed rests in its normal position.
Solution

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9.2 Density and Pressure

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 9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth

How do we calculate the pressure P at a

depth h?
 An object of cross section A at depth h
submerged in a fluid will experience
three forces (refer to figure).
1. weight due to gravity (downward).
2. force due to atmosphere (downward).
3. force due to the fluid (upward).

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 9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth

 These three forces balance each other

 (volume is product between A and height):

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 9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth

Remarks:

 The pressure does not

depend upon the shape of
the container
 It depends only on depth,
density and “g”

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 9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth

Remarks:
 Every 10 m (approximately 30 ft) below the surface of
the sea, the pressure increases by 1 atmosphere.
 Example: what is the pressure at 10 m below sea
level?

 Hence: P= 1atm + 1atm = 2 atm.

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 Pascal’s Principle

 Pascal’s Law – since most fluids

are incompressible,
 Any increase in the pressure at the
surface must be transmitted to every
point in the fluid .

 The hydraulic press is an important

application of Pascal’s Principle.
 Pascal’s Principle is used in hydraulic
brakes, forklifts, car lifts, etc. 19
 Example

In a car lift used in a service station, compressed air exerts a

force on a small piston that has a circular cross section and a
radius of 5.00cm. This pressure is transmitted by a liquid to a
piston that has a radius of 15.0cm.

a) What force must the compressed air exert to lift a car

weighing 13,300N?

b) What air pressure produces this force?

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 9.5 Pressure Measurements:

Manometer
 One end of the U- shaped tube is
open to the atmosphere
 The other end is connected to the
pressure to be measured
 If P in the system is greater than
atmospheric pressure, h is positive
 – If less, then h is negative

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Pressure Measurements:

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 Pressure Measurements:

Barometer
 Barometer Invented by Torricelli
(1608 – 1647)
 A long closed tube is filled with
mercury and inverted in a dish of
mercury
 First barometer was filled with
water, over 32 feet tall!
 Measures atmospheric pressure as
ρgh
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 Pressure Measurements:

Barometer

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 Pressure Measurements:

Barometer

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 Pressure Values in Various Units

• One atmosphere of pressure is defined as the pressure

equivalent to a column of mercury exactly 0.76 m at 0 o C
where g = 9.8 m/s 2

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 Example

barometer using a red Bordeaux wine, of

density 984 kg/m3 as the working liquid,
 What was the height h of the wine column
for normal atmospheric pressure?

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 Example

Superman attempts to drink water through a very long vertical

straw as in Figure . With his great strength, he achieves
maximum possible suction. The walls of the straw don’t
collapse.

Find the maximum height through which he can lift the water.

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 Blood Pressure

 Blood pressure is measured with

a special type of manometer
called a sphygmomanometer
 Pressure is measured in mm of
mercury
 Some sphygmomanometers
actually use a column of mercury

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 9.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’
Principle

 Archimedes' Principle Any object completely or

partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force
whose magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.

 Archimedes' Principle used to determine the density of

the object.

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 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’
Principle
 It is easier to lift an object when submerged in water than
when in air.
 This apparent loss of weight is due to the buoyant force
that the fluid exerts on the submerged object.
 The physical cause of the buoyant force is the pressure
difference between the top and the bottom of the object .
 The buoyant force is directed upward.

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 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’
Principle
 The magnitude of the buoyant force always equals the
weight of the displaced fluid :

 The buoyant force is the same for a totally submerged

object of any size, shape, or density

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 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’
Principle
 The buoyant force is exerted by the fluid
 Whether an object sinks or floats depends
on the relationship between the buoyant
force and the weight
 Buoyant force > Weight = floats
 Buoyant force < Weight = sinks
 Buoyant force = Weight = Neutrally buoyant

(many fish try to do this!

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 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’
Principle
Totally Submerged Object
 The upward buoyant force is:
Vf=Vo

 The downward gravitational force is:

 The net force is:

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Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’
Principle

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Totally Submersed Object

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Totally Submersed Object

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 Totally Submersed Object

 If the object is less dense than the

fluid

 The object experiences a net

upward force

B>W

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 Totally Submersed Object

 If the object is more dense than the

fluid
 The net force is downward

B<W
 The object accelerates downward

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 Floating Object

• The forces balance B=W

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 Example

A flat-bottomed barge loaded with coal has a mass of

3.0X105 kg. R‫لفحم‬RR‫ا‬RRR‫اع محملة ب‬R‫لق‬RR‫ارجة مسطحة ا‬RRR‫ب‬
The barge is 20.0 m long and 10.0 m wide. It floats in fresh
water. What is the depth of the barge below the waterline?
Solution

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 Example

A bargain hunter purchases a “gold” crown at a flea market.

After she gets home, she hangs it from a scale and finds its
weight to be 7.84 N .She then weighs the crown while it is
immersed in water, and now the scale reads 6.86 N. Is the
crown made of pure gold?

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 Solution

Solution

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 Example

 From the table in your book, the density of gold is 19.3 x 10 3 kg/ m 3.
 Because 8.0 x 10 3 kg/ m 3 < 19.3 x 10 3 kg/ m 3, the crown cannot be
pure gold. 44