Opto Electronic

Devices
1152EC109 – Programme Elective
Dr. J.Mohanraj (PE3)
Associate Professor | ECE
UNIT - 2
DISPLAY DEVICES
AND LASER
2. LIGHT
EMITTING DIODE
(LED)

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What is LED?
• Light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits
light when an electric current is passed through it

• Light is produced when the electrons and holes combine together

within the semiconductor material

• Since light is generated within the solid semiconductor material,

LEDs are described as solid-state devices

• The term solid-state lighting, which also encompasses organic LEDs

(OLEDs), distinguishes this lighting technology from other sources
that use heated filaments (incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps)
or gas discharge (fluorescent lamps)

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Colours in LED?
• Inside the semiconductor material of the LED, the electrons and
holes are contained within energy bands

• The separation of the bands (i.e. the bandgap) determines the energy
of the photons (light particles) that are emitted by the LED

• The photon energy determines the wavelength of the emitted light,

and hence its color. Different semiconductor materials with different
bandgaps produce different colors of light

• The precise wavelength (color) can be tuned by altering the

composition of the light-emitting, or active, region

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Colours in LED?...
• The precise wavelength (color) can be tuned by altering the composition
of the light-emitting, or active, region

• LEDs are comprised of compound semiconductor materials, which are

made up of elements from group III and group V of the periodic table
(these are known as III-V materials)

• Examples of III-V materials commonly used to make LEDs are gallium

arsenide (GaAs) and gallium phosphide (GaP)

• Until the mid-90s LEDs had a limited range of colors, and in particular
commercial blue and white LEDs did not exist
• The development of LEDs based on the gallium nitride (GaN) material
system completed the palette of colors and opened many new
applications

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Materials used for LED

• Indium gallium nitride (InGaN): blue, green and ultraviolet high-brightness LEDs

• Aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP): yellow, orange and red high-brightness LEDs

• Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs): red and infrared LEDs

• Gallium phosphide (GaP): yellow and green LEDs

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Working Principle
• A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light
source

• It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when activated

• When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons can

recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons

• This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of

the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor

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 A slight excess of voltage or current can
damage the device

Disadvantages The device is known to have a much wider

bandwidth compared to the laser

The temperature depends on the radiant

output power and wavelength

9
 The primary method of getting information out of
a computer is to use a computer video display unit
(VDU)

3.Understanding
Display Devices
Display systems convert computer signals into text
and pictures and display them on a TV‐like screen.
 Adapter then renders the
image/character for the display
First computer sends signal to
i.e. converts the above instruction
Video Adapter (an expansion
into several instructions that tell
board) telling it to display an
the display device (monitor,
image or character
projector, TV) how to draw the

4. How image

Displays work
Finally the adapter sends the **Video adapters are either
instruction to the display digital or analog
 5. LIQUID CRYSTAL
DISPLAY (LCD)

12
 • Liquid crystals are basically liquid chemicals whose molecules
can be aligned precisely when an electrical current is
introduced
• An inventor found that when he passed an electrical current
through a semi‐crystalline liquid, the crystals aligned
Liquid themselves with the current
• When properly aligned they allow light to pass through hence
Crystal the LCD
• Require backlighting
Display
(LCD)
Liquid
Crystal
Display
(LCD)

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 LCD Construction
Two Methods

Methods Construction Pros Cons

TN – Twisted Nematic Two electrodes placed • Faster response rate • Color shifting in
on opposite sides of a – suitable for gamers angled view
liquid crystal layer (negative effect)
• React to pressure
(blanching)

IPS – In-Plane The electrodes that are • Colors are more • Slow response and
Switching positioned parallel to accurate in angled lusterless or dull
one another on the viewing display of black hues
same side of the liquid • Do not react to • Expensive
crystal panel pressure; best for
touchscreens
 Liquid • Analog: PC digital signals are rendered by the video
card and sent out as analog signals via a cable
connected to the display (modulation)
Crystal
Display • the analog signal is then converted to digital signal by
the display device (Demodulation)

(LCD)… • This process is known as modulation

LCDs have both analog and digital

interfaces– VGA or DVI-A and DVI-
D or HDMI
Liquid
Crystal • Digital: Modern LCDs have a digital interface hence require no
Display modulation/demodulation and therefore don’t suffer any signal
loss (DVI-D and HDMI supported Video Cards)

(LCD)…
LCD Pixel Addressing

• Pixel is a “dot” or the smallest addressable

area of illumination, usually a square
 An active‐matrix screen is made up of several independent LCD pixels

A transistor at each pixel location, when switched among various levels, activates two opposing electrodes that align the pixel’s
crystals and alter the passage of light at that location to produce hundreds or thousands of shades

Crisp and easy to look at through nearly all oblique angles

Does not require constant refreshing

Requires large amounts of power to operate all transistors

Active‐matrix vs. Passive‐matrix screens

 A passive‐matrix display does not have a dedicated
transistor for each pixel

Active‐matrix Uses a matrix of conductive traces instead

vs. Passive‐
matrix screens
Poor rate of response (computer takes hundreds of
millions of seconds to change a pixel as opposed to tens
of millions of seconds in Active matrix)

An effect called Submarining occurs – mouse moved

rapidly it disappears and reappears on new location
 Dual scan is a variation of the passive‐matrix display

The classic passive matrix screen is split in half to

implement a dual‐scan display

Dual scan
Each half of the display is refreshed separately

Increased quality of passive‐matrix displays, but still not as

good as active matrix.
Screen Filters

A privacy filter is a panel that fits over the front of a display; it intentionally limits the
viewing angle of the monitor through polarization.

Antiglare filters, brightening and clarifying the image appearing on the monitor’s
screen
 • LED displays are LCD panels with Light Emitting
Diodes as opposed to classic fluorescent bulbs.
The name is good for marketing

• Backlight source is LED instead of fluorescent

Backlight • LED provide intelligent backlighting since there

are many “controlled” LEDs in an LED display

Sources • Fluorescent bulbs require AC to power while

LEDs work on DC power, therefore laptops with
LED displays do not require inverter board for
DC-AC conversion

• LEDs have high contrast ratio rivaling plasma

displays
6. PLASMA DISPLAY

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The plasma emits UV in discharge region which Reaction causes each subpixel to produce red, Address electrode causes gas to change to
impinges on the phosphor green, and blue light. plasma state.

Plasma Display Working

Plasma
Displays
Plasma
Displays
Plasma Displays…
 7. Numeric Display

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 A seven-segment display can be used to display
decimal numbers 0-9 and some alpha characters

7-Segment Common anode seven-segment display

Display

Common cathode seven-segment display

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7-Segment Display
33
 a

a b c d e f g
f b
g
7-Segment
Display e c

d
 a a b c d e f g
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
f b A 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
7-Segment g b
C
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Display e c
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0
1
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0
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0
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0
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F 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

d
 No current no light
+5V
+5V GAL output pin
R 1
LED

Turning on Common
Anode

an LED
light
Current
+1.7V +0.2V
+5V GAL output pin
R 0
LED

voltage 5 ­1.7
R= = = 220 ohms
current 15 x 10 -3
 No Current no light
0
GAL output pin
0V 0V
R LED Common

Turning on
Cathode

an LED 1
Current light
GAL output pin
+5 V +1.7 V 0V
R LED

R= voltage = 5 - 1.7 = 220 ohms This is what

current 15 x 10^-3 we use in Lab
 Display
Possibilities
 A Common
Anode display

39
A Common
Anode
display

40
A Common
Cathode
display

41
A Common
Cathode
display

42
8.Other
Display
Parameters

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 Aspect Ratio Calculation

ASPECT CALCULATION EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

RATIO

4:3 4÷3 = 1.333333 1024÷768 = 1.33333 (1024÷4) x 3 =768

5:4 5÷4 = 1.25 1280÷1024 = 1.25 (1280÷5) x 4 = 1024

16:9 16÷9 = 1.77777 1920÷1080 = 1.77777 (1920÷16) x 9 = 1080

16:10 16÷10 = 1.6 1920÷1200 = 1.6 (1920÷16) x 10 = 1200

 V I D E O S TA N D AR D RESOLUTION C A L C UL AT I O N / N O T E S

SVGA/XGA 800 x 600 and 1024 x 768 Same resolution but increased colors i.e.
16/256 and 65k/256 respectively.

WXGA 1280 x 800 W stands for increased Horizontal(+200)

and same or near same Vertical (+32)

SXGA 1280 x 1024 Memorize this resolution!!!!!!!

QXGA 2048 x 1536 Q stands for double (X2) the Horiz. and
Vertical resulting in Quadruple the
(1024x2) x (768x2) = 2048 x 1536 resolution
WQXGA 2560 x 1600 W stands for increased Horizontal(+512)
and same or near same Vertical (+64)

SXGA+ 1400 x 1050 The pluses (+) have x1050 vertical

WSXGA+ 1680 x 1050 resolutions

UXGA 1600 x 1200 The Us have resolution x1200 with

WUXGA 1920 x 1200 WUXGA being the closest to 1080
Video Standard Resolution Calculation/Notes

ATSC 720p 1280 x 720 These resolutions are most common with broadcast TVs especially
ATSC 1080p, 1080i 1920 x 1080 1080p. Vertical correspond with the standard x720 and x1080

UHD 4K (16:9) 3840 x 2160 4K standard is the new standard that’s not yet mainstream.
YouTube/Netflix have some 4K content though

WQUXGA 4K (16:10) 3840 x 2400 This resolution allows for 16:10 aspect ratio on 4K

WHUXGA 8K 7680 x 4800 8K has double the resolution of 4K

(16:10)

High Definition (HD) Standards

Native Resolution – LCD, Plasma, OLED
have single fixed none adjustable resolution
Avoid distortion when using these displays
with a PC by sticking to this native resolution

Nonadjustable
characteristics
Contrast Ratio – ratio of luminance of the
brightest color to that of the darkest color. It is
not contrast. It is generally fixed, contrast on
the other hand is adjustable. There is no
vendor neutral measurement, therefore one
vendor may use variables not used by another
and claim higher contrast ratio
9. EMISSION & ABSORPTION OF
RADIATION

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 Emission &
Absorption
• Atoms and molecules can absorb and emit light, telling us
how many different energy levels an electron has and how
far apart the energy levels are spaced

• Different colors of light are associated with different photon

energies. Essentially, a photon is a packet of light

• For example, a photon of red light would have less energy

than a photon of blue light

• This ties in with wavelengths because red has longer

wavelengths than blue which results in less energy

• Electrons only exist in shells, the area around a nucleus

• Specific energy levels correspond to specific shells

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 Emission & Absorption…
• In an atom, the amount of energy levels that are allowed depend on the structure of
protons and electrons

• Emission is the process of elements releasing different photons of color as their

atoms return to their lower energy levels

• Atoms emit light when they are heated or excited at high energy levels

• The color of light that is emitted by an atom depends on how much energy the
electron releases as it moves down different energy levels

• When the electrons return to lower energy levels, they release extra energy and that
can be in the form of light causing the emission of light

• Absorption occurs when electrons absorb photons which causes them to gain energy
and jump to higher energy levels

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Emission &
Absorption…
• It shows the electron moving down energy levels

• The color of the light emitted would result from the amount of
energy as it moves through shells

• Absorption is shown by the energy levels increasing as the photon

gains energy

• The wavelengths shown relate to the amount of energy in the

photon

• Notice how the emitted light wavelengths are shorter than the
absorbed light wavelengths. This would indicate that the emitted
light has more energy in the photon than the absorbed light 51
Emission &
Absorption…
• The n=1, n=2, and n=3 represents the 1st, 2nd, and
3rd shell orbitals

• This is important because it shows the shells that

electrons move to when light is absorbed or emitted

• The energy difference between orbitals can be

calculated by measuring the frequency of radiation.
Absorption and emission of light can reveal a lot
about the structure of an atom

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Emission &
Absorption…
• Absorbed light is light that isn't seen while emitted
light is light that is seen

• Emission is when electrons return to energy levels

• Absorption is when electrons gain energy and jump

to higher energy levels

• Absorption and emission of light reveals details

about the atomic structure of an atom by telling us
the amount of energy levels and the space between
the energy level

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10.
INTRODUCTION
TO LASERS

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 The word "laser" is an acronym for Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Lasers are finding ever increasing military applications --

principally for target acquisition, fire control, and training

LASER
These lasers are termed rangefinders, target designators, and
direct-fire simulators

Lasers are also being used in communications, laser radars

(LIDAR), landing systems, laser pointers, guidance systems,
scanners, metal working, photography, holography, and
medicine

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LASER…

• Invented in 1958 by Charles

Townes (Nobel prize in Physics
1964) and Arthur Schawlow of
Bell Laboratories

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 Properties of LASER
• The light emitted from a laser is monochromatic, that is, it is of one color/wavelength. In
contrast, ordinary white light is a combination of many colors (or wavelengths) of light

• Lasers emit light that is highly directional, that is, laser light is emitted as a relatively narrow
beam in a specific direction. Ordinary light, such as from a light bulb, is emitted in many
directions away from the source

• The light from a laser is said to be coherent, which means that the wavelengths of the laser light
are in phase in space and time. Ordinary light can be a mixture of many wavelengths

• These three properties of laser light are what can make it more hazardous than ordinary light.
Laser light can deposit a lot of energy within a small area

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Monochromacity

•Nearly monochromatic light

•Example:
He-Ne Laser
 λ0 = 632.5 nm

Comparison of the wavelengths of red and blue

Diode Laser
light
 λ0 = 900 nm
 Directionality

•Conventional light source Divergence angle (θd)

•Beam divergence: θd= β λ /D
•β ~ 1 = f(type of light amplitude distribution, definition of beam diameter)
•λ = wavelength
•D = beam diameter
Coherence
•Incoherent light waves
Coherent light waves
 A laser consists of two fundamental elements:

1. An amplifying or gain medium (this can be a solid, a liquid or a gas)

• This medium is composed of atoms, molecules, ions or electrons whose energy levels
are used to increase the power of a light wave during its propagation

• The physical principle involved is called stimulated emission

COMPONENTS
OF LASER 2. A system to excite the amplifying medium (also called a pumping system)

• This creates the conditions for light amplification by supplying the necessary energy

• There are different kinds of pumping system:

• Optical (the sun, flash lamps, continuous arc lamps or tungsten-filament lamps, diode or other
lasers)
• Electrical (gas discharge tubes, electric current in semi-conductors)
• Chemical

2/23/23 61
COMPONENTS OF
LASER
• These two components are sufficient to amplify an existing light
source. This is known as a laser amplifier
• However, most lasers also incorporate an optical resonator (or
cavity) in order to produce a very special radiation
• Technically, the whole device is known as a laser oscillator, but
this term is often shortened to simply “laser”
• The laser oscillator uses reflecting mirrors to amplify the light
source considerably by bouncing it back and forth within the
cavity
• It also has an output beam mirror that enables part of the light
wave in the cavity to be removed and its radiation used

2/23/23 62
 BASIC CONCEPTS FOR A LASER

Absorption
Spontaneous Emission

Stimulated Emission

Population inversion
 12. LASER LOSSES

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12.1 Depolarization Loss

Thermal effects in a high-power laser can cause significant power losses through
depolarization, if the laser resonator contains an element with high losses for one of the
polarization directions (e.g. a Brewster plate)

The reason for this is that the temperature gradients in the gain medium induce mechanical
stress

As a result, an originally linear polarization state is distorted, so that losses can occur

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12.1 Depolarization Loss…
• Thermally induced depolarization is suppressed if the gain medium
has a sufficiently strong natural birefringence, so that the birefringent
axis can not be significantly rotated by thermal effects

• Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive

index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of
light

• These optically anisotropic materials are said to be birefringent (or

birefractive)

• This is the case, e.g., in Nd:YVO4 lasers

• For optically isotropic gain media such as Nd:YAG, thermal

depolarization loss can be minimized, e.g. by using a Faraday rotator

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12.2 Lasing threshold

• The lasing threshold is the lowest excitation level at which a laser's output is
dominated by stimulated emission rather than by spontaneous emission

• Below the threshold, the laser's output power rises slowly with increasing
excitation

• Above threshold, the slope of power vs. excitation is orders of magnitude

greater

• The linewidth of the laser's emission also becomes orders of magnitude smaller
above the threshold than it is below

• Above the threshold, the laser is said to be lasing

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 • Science

13. APPLICATIONS OF
• Machining
• Communications
• Security/military

LASER • Medicine

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Historical introduction

1946 1948 1961 1963

A German physician, High intensity xenon one year after Chris Zweng treated
Gerd Meyer, used the lamp used for Maiman built the retinal disease in his
sun to treat detached photocoagulation first laser, Milton patients using laser
retinas and destroy Zaret used laser to beam
tumors in some of his produce ocular
patient's eyes. lesions in animals.
 • Intense Heat

Heat By Laser • Destructive effects can be extremely

selective and precisely controlled
13.1 Laser Tissue Interaction

a b

LASER BEAM
REFLECTION

SCATTERING TARGET

TISSUE

Transmitting

71
13.1 Laser Tissue Interaction…

c d e f g

e-
e-

HEAT PHOTO- SHOCK FLUORESCENCE PHOTO-

DISSOCIATION WAVE For diagnostic CHEMISTRY
(Break molecular (Breaks Destroy the
bond) mineralized target
deposits)

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 PHOTOCOAGULATION OF THE RETINA

13.2
TREATMENT & Heating a blood vessel to a point where the blood

DIAGNOSTIC coagulate and block the vessel.

BY LASER

Photocoagulation can be done

by:
13.2 TREATMENT & DIAGNOSTIC BY LASER…
 The dark brown melanin pigment of the retina absorb the green beam of the argon laser

 The argon laser can destroy specific regions of the retina without harming the other area of the eye,
which absorb different wavelength of light

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 Photocoagulation

:Xenon lamp Laser

Spot size 750 m m

:High energy deposited in the eye Spot size 50 mm
times greater than deposited 20-50
low energy deposited in the eye
treatment by laser beam

Longer exposure (1 sec)

than laser, so local anesthesia Short exposure (ms to ms)
must be used So local anesthesia are not needed

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13.3 Diagnostic Laser System
• Treatment cover everything from the ablation of tissue
using high power lasers to photochemical reaction obtained
with a weak laser
• Diagnostics cover the recording of fluorescence after
excitation at a suitable wavelength and measuring optical
parameters
 13.3 Diagnostic Laser System…
Several factor must be considered in designing a diagnostic laser system:

• A suitable excitation wavelength

• Knowledge about fluorescence properties of different chromospheres in

tissue is needed

• Origin of the fluorescence spectra must be identified

• Tumor seeking drugs (e,g. hemato-porphoryin) is used to enhance the

optical demarcation of malignant tumors
 13.4 Surgical Application of Laser

• Tissue heating (Skin rejuvenation & tissue welding)

• Coagulation
• Vaporization
• Fragmentation of tattoo pigment
• Cold cutting
• Photoacoustic (lithotripsy)
• Photodissociation (non-thermal ablation of the cornea in ophthalmology).
Other Applications
of LASER

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Thank you