THEORY OF

STRUCTURES
MODULE 6
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 FUNDAMENTALS
OF
STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
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 OBJECTIVE
To investigate the behavior of intermediate members in a
structural system.
TOPIC OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the internal forces developed on the
longitudinal axis of a beam at a given loading and
support.
2. To identify and interpret the relationship of load, shear
force, bending moment, and deflection in beams and
its structural design application.
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 INTRODUCTION
Beam is a structural member designed to withstand
and transfer loads to its vertical resisting elements.
example Concentrated loads
P P P

beam
Horizontal member
column column
vertical member vertical member
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 Moving load Forcing that beam to bend
Occupant loads Transferring the forces to the column
These are LIVE LOADS
Which can be 300 KN 1.3KN
with or without
the structure.

While the beam and the columns

are loads permanently attached
to the structure Called
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DEAD LOADS ding 5
 The beam is an intermediate structure which possess
weight, assuming the density of concrete is 2,400 kg./m3.
(density)(volume)=total weight
(2,400 kg/m3)(2.1 m3)=5,040 Kg
(5,040 Kg) (9.81 m/s2 ) = 49.44 KN
loading of the beam is 4.9 KN/m if divided by its 3m
0.

d=0.7m
length. b=

L=10m

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49.44 KN /10 m = 4.94 KN / m
Meaning, from the 3 dimensional volume of the beam
The load is processed on a 2 dimensional area to
make analysis simple.
4.94 KN / m

L=10m

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Loading may vary depending on the breadth & depth
of the beam And the weight of the concrete slab

4.94 KN / m

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While concentrated loads
Can be the walls
permanently attached to
the structure

P P

4.94 KN / m

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These force will allow the beam to bend
downwards due to the effect of gravitational pull.

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 , deflections
Called positive moment caused by load
more loads , more deflection

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The top fibers of the beam to contract inwards
The bottom fibers to expand outwards
The column to
contract inwards

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Truss
A structural element that is composed of smaller structural
members typically configured in triangular arrangements
Red members = compression
Blue members = tension
Yellow = varies

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Some truss members carry a tension force; others carry a
compression force, and zero force, depending on the
configuration of the load

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 Beams are classified according to way in which
they are supported.

Reactions at beam supports are determinate if they

involve only three unknowns.
Otherwise, they are statically indeterminate.

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While, the top fibers of a simple beam are in
compression,
A cantilever top fibers is in tension

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In theory of structural application Composite
Tensile fibers are reinforced with steel method is used
to maximize the
strength of
materials,
where concrete
strength is in
compression
and steel
strength is in
tension
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 SHEAR AND MOMENTS IN BEAMS
Vertical Shear
The tendency of a part of a beam to slip past with
respect to its adjacent part.

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 SHEAR AND MOMENTS IN BEAMS
Vertical Shear
The amount of force varies from its vertical
resisting element.
Can be determined by
A shear diagram
At any point along the
Longitudinal axis of the
beam

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 SHEAR AND MOMENTS IN BEAMS
Moment is the tendency in beams to assume
deflected position due to load/s acting on it.

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 SHEAR AND MOMENTS IN BEAMS
Moment is the tendency in beams to assume
deflected deformation due to load/s acting on it.
This deflection will cause positive and negative
moment along the longitudinal axis of the beam.

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 RELATIONSHIP OF LOAD, SHEAR, MOMENT, &
DEFLECTION
As the load is acted on the beam

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 RELATIONSHIP OF LOAD, SHEAR, MOMENT, &
DEFLECTION
It will create a vertical shear force and a tendency
to cut the beam.

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 RELATIONSHIP OF LOAD, SHEAR, MOMENT, &
DEFLECTION
But the beam yields without shear failure
So it will create bending moment according to the
shear stresses along its longitudinal axis.

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 RELATIONSHIP OF LOAD, SHEAR, MOMENT, &
DEFLECTION
Again, if the beam withstand the bending moment
without failure,
the beam will assume a deflected position.

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 BEAM DESIGN
Inflection point of the beam is when the moment
changes from positive to negative.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

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 BEAM DESIGN
And the deflection shows the placement
of the reinforcing bars in tension.
Bottom reinforcing bar and top reinforcing bar
POSITIVE NEGATIVE

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 SHEAR AND MOMENTS IN BEAMS
Whereas, the amount of deflection is dependent
on the rigidity of the beam (modulus of elasticity
“E”), and the moment of inertia (“I”) along the
cross sectional area of the beam.

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 SHEAR AND MOMENTS IN BEAMS
Whereas, the amount of deflection is dependent
on the rigidity of the beam (modulus of elasticity
“E”),

E=

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 SHEAR AND MOMENTS IN BEAMS
Whereas, the amount of deflection is dependent
on the rigidity of the beam (modulus of elasticity
“E”), and the moment of inertia (“I”) along the
cross sectional area of the beam.
b
E= COMPRESSION
=
NA d
TENSION

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 SHEAR AND MOMENTS IN BEAMS
The ratio of the product of the load and length of
beam with respect to the product of IE.

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 SUMMARY
Shear is dependent on the load applied and the
reaction at the support element.
Moment is dependent on the shear and the
maximum and minimum condition.
Positive and negative moment is dependent on
the supported and the unsupported span of the
beam.
Deflection is dependent on the polarity of the
moment.
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 END
THANK YOU
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