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CDB 03

This document discusses relational algebra and SQL. It introduces basic relational algebra operators like selection, projection, join, set difference and examples applying them to relations. It then covers SQL SELECT statements including aggregation functions, GROUP BY, and examples querying relations to find total postage by city and radio broadcast areas in Lincoln, NE.

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sammy21791
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75 views15 pages

CDB 03

This document discusses relational algebra and SQL. It introduces basic relational algebra operators like selection, projection, join, set difference and examples applying them to relations. It then covers SQL SELECT statements including aggregation functions, GROUP BY, and examples querying relations to find total postage by city and radio broadcast areas in Lincoln, NE.

Uploaded by

sammy21791
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

Relational Algebra and SQL


Example: Let the following relations describe point sets:
A(x, y), B(x, y), J(x, y) H(x, y, z), I(x, y, z) F(z) K(y,z) plane 2D points in the plane 3D points in space line on the z-axis 2D points in (y, z)
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3.1 Relation algebra operators

A and B

A B

A B

A\ B
2

Av F

T y,z H

T x,y H W 2x+z = 0 I

Example: Find the SSN and tax for each person.


SSN,Tax wages+interest+capital_gain = income Taxrecord

Taxtable

Example: Find the area of Lincoln reached by a radio station.


(
X,Y

Name=Lincoln Town

)) (

X,Y Broadcast

3.2 SQL SELECT a1, ..., an FROM R1, R2, , Rm WHERE Con1, ,Conk This means:
a1, ..., an( Con1(

Conk

( R1 R2 Rm))))

Example:

Find the SSN and tax for each person.


SELECT SSN, Tax FROM Taxrecord, Taxtable WHERE wages + interest + capital_gain = income

AS keyword used to rename relations Two SQL expressions can be combined by:
INTERSECT UNION MINUS set difference

Example: Find the names of the streets that intersect. SELECT S.NAME, T.NAME FROM Streets AS S, Streets AS T WHERE S.X = T.X and S.Y = T.Y

Example: Assume we have the relations: Broadcast ( Radio, X , Y ) Town ( Name, X, Y ) Find the parts of Lincoln, NE that can be reached by at least one Radio station. (SELECT X, Y FROM Town WHERE Name = Lincoln) INTERSECT (SELECT X, Y FROM Broadcast)
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Another way of connecting SQL expressions is using the IN keyword. SELECT .. FROM .. WHERE a IN ( SELECT b FROM .. WHERE .. )

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SQL with aggregation SELECT aggregate_function FROM . WHERE aggregate_function Max (c1a1 + ..+ cnan) Min (c1a1 + ..+ cnan) Sum(a) Avg(a) Count(a) where ai are attributes and ci are constants

where a is an attribute that is constant in each constraint tuple

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Example: Package(Serial_No, From, Destination, Weight) Postage (Weight , Fee) Find the total postage of all packages sent from Omaha. SELECT Sum(Fee) FROM Package, Postage WHERE Package.Weight = Postage.Weight AND Package.From = Omaha

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GROUP BY SELECT a1, , an, aggregate_function FROM .. WHERE GROUP BY a1, ..., ak Evaluates basic SQL query Groups the tuples according to different values of a1,..,ak Applies the aggregate function to each group separately {a1, , ak} {a1, , an}
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Example: Find the total postage sent out from each city. SELECT Package.From, Sum(Postage.Fee) FROM Package, Postage WHERE Package.Weight = Postage.Weight GROUP BY Package.From

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