Computer Software

Bima Gerry Pratama - Maya Rizqiatur Rofidah 

S2 Telematika ITS – Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi
 What Is Software?
 Software is the general term for various kinds of
programs used to operate and manipulate
computers and their peripheral devices.

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Types of Application & System
Software

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Application Software
 General Purpose
 Programs that perform common information processing
jobs for end users; e.g., word processing, spreadsheet
 Open-source Software
 Developers collaborate on the development of
an application using programming standards which
allow anyone to contribute to the software
 As each developer completes a project, the
application code becomes available and free to anyone
who wants it

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Business Application Software
 Function-Specific Application Software
 Thousands of these packages support
specific applications of end users in business
and other fields
 Examples: customer relationship
management, enterprise resource planning,
supply chain management, Web-enabled
electronic commerce 

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Software Suites, Integrated
Packages
 Most widely used productivity packages are
bundled together as software suites
 Advantages
 Cost less than buying individual packages
 All have similar GUI
 Work well together
 Disadvantages
 All features not used
 Takes a lot of disk space (bloatware)

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Web Browsers
 Software applications that support navigation
through the point-and-click hyper-linked
resources of the Web
 Becoming the universal platform from which end
users launch…
 Information searches
 E-mail
 Multimedia file transfer
 Discussion groups
 Other Internet-based applications

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Search Engines
 Browsers are used to gain access to Internet
search engines
 Google, Ask Jeeves, Look Smart, Lycos,
Overture, Yahoo!
 Using search engines to find information has
become an indispensable part of Internet,
intranet, and extranet applications

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E-mail, Instant Messaging, and
Weblogs
 E-mail
 Software to communicate by sending and
receiving messages and attachments via the
Internet, intranet, or extranet
 Instant messaging (IM)
 Receive electronic messages instantly
 Weblog or blog
 A personal website in dated log format
 Updated with new information about a subject
or range of subjects
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Word Processing/Desktop
Publishing
 Word Processing
 Create, edit, revise, and print documents
 Example: Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro,
Corel WordPerfect
 Desktop Publishing
 Produce printed materials that look
professionally published
 Example: Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft
Publisher, QuarkXPress
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Electronic Spreadsheets
 Used by virtually every business for…
 Analysis, planning, modeling
 Electronic Spreadsheet
 Worksheet of rows and columns
 Can be stored on local computer or on
network
 Requires designing format and developing the
relationships (formulas)
 Most help you develop charts and graphic
displays of spreadsheet results
 Supports what-if questions
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Presentation Graphics
 Common presentation graphics packages…
 Converts numeric data into graphics displays
 Used to create multimedia presentations of
graphics, photos, animation, and video clips
 E.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance,
Corel Presentations
 Top packages can tailor files for transfer in
HTML format to websites

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Personal Information Managers
 Software for end user productivity and
collaboration
 Stores information about clients
 Manages schedules, appointments, tasks
 Most include ability to access the Web and
provide e-mail capabilities
 Some support team collaboration by sharing
information with other PIM users
 Example: Lotus Organizer, Microsoft Outlook

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Groupware
 Software that helps workgroups collaborate on
group assignments
 E-mail, discussion groups, databases, video
conferencing
 Example: Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise,
Microsoft Exchange
 Windows SharePoint Services and
WebSphere both allow teams to create
websites for information sharing and
document collaboration

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Software Alternatives
 Outsourcing development and maintenance of
software
 Application service providers (ASPs)
 Companies that own, operate, and maintain
application software and computer system
resources
 Use the application for a fee over the Internet
 Pay-as-you-go
 Use expected to accelerate in the coming
years

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Categories of Group Software
 System Management Programs
 Manages the hardware, software, network,
and data resources of computer systems
 Example: operating systems, network manage-
ment programs, database management
systems, system utilities
 System Development Programs
 Helps users develop IS programs and
procedures and then prepare them for
processing
 Includes language translators and editors,
CASE and programming tools
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Interface Between End Users and
Computer

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Operating Systems
 Integrated system of programs that…
 Manages the operations of the CPU
 Controls the input/output, storage resources,
and activities of the computer system
 Provides support services as the computer
executes application programs

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Operating System Basic
Functions

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Popular Operating Systems
 Windows
 GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia
 Microsoft’s operating system
 NT, XP, 2003
 Different versions manage servers
 Unix
 Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing
 Portable - can run on mainframes, midrange,
and PCs
 Linux
 Low-cost, powerful reliable Unix-like
operating system
 Open-source
 MAC OS X
 Apple operating system for the iMac
 GUI
 Multitasking
 Multimedia
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Other System Management
Programs

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Other System Software
 Utilities
 Miscellaneous housekeeping functions
 Example: Norton utilities includes data
backup, virus protection, data compression,
etc.
 Performance Monitors
 Programs that monitor and adjust computer
system to keep them running efficiently
 Security Monitors
 Monitor and control use of computer systems
to prevent unauthorized use of resources
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Application Servers
 Provide an interface between an operating
system and the application programs of users
 Middleware
 Software that helps diverse software
applications exchange data and work together
more efficiently

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Programming Languages
 Examples of programming in each language

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Machine Languages
 First generation languages
 The most basic of programming languages
 Strings of binary codes unique to each
computer
 Requires specific knowledge of the internal
operations of the CPU being used
 Must specify the storage locations for every
instruction and item of data used
 Difficult to work with, and error prone

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Assembler Languages
 Second generation languages
 Developed to reduce difficulties in writing
machine language programs
 Uses assemblers to convert the programs into
machine instructions
 Symbols are used to represent operation
codes and storage locations
 Alphabetic abbreviations call mnemonics and
other symbols represent operation codes,
storage locations, and data elements

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High-Level Languages
 Third generation languages
 Uses brief statements or arithmetic
expressions
 Statements translated into machine language
by compilers or interpreters
 Less efficient than assembler languages and
requires greater translation time
 Machine independent
 Example: BASIC, COBOL, and FORTRAN

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 Fourth-Generation Languages
 Variety of programming languages that are
nonprocedural and conversational
 Encourages programmers to specify the results
wanted; the computer determines the sequence
of instructions that accomplishes the results
 Simplified the programming process
 Natural languages
 Very close to English or other human language
 Sometimes called fifth-generation (5GLs)
 No longer a trade-off between ease of use and
flexibility
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Object-Oriented Languages
 Combines data elements
and the procedures that
will be performed upon
them into objects
 Example: data about a
bank account and the
procedures performed
on it, such as interest
calculations

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Object-Oriented Languages
 Most widely used software development
languages
 Easier to use and more efficient for graphics-
oriented user interfaces
 Reusable: can use an object from one
application in another application
 Example: Visual Basic, C++, Java
 Most object-oriented languages provide a GUI
that supports visual programming

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Web Languages
 HTML
 A page description language that creates
hypertext documents for the Web
 XML
 Describes Web page content by applying
identifying tags or contextual labels to the data
 Java
 Object-oriented programming language that is
simple, secure, and platform independent
 Java applets can be executed on any computer

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 Web Services How Web Services Work
 Web services are
software components
that are
 Based on framework
of Web and object-
oriented standards
and technology
 Used to link the
applications of
different users and
computing platforms
via the Web

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Language Translator Programs
 Translate instructions written in programming
languages into machine language
 Assembler
 Translates assembler language statement
 Compiler
 Translates high-level language statements
 Interpreter
 A compiler that translates and executes each
statement in a program, one at a time

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Programming Tools
 Help programmers identify and minimize errors
while they are programming
 Graphical programming interfaces
 Programming editors
 Debuggers
 CASE Tools
 A combination of many programming tools
into a single application with a common
interface
 Used in different stages of the systems
development process
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