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Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuits are semiconductor chips that contain millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, transistors and diodes. They act as the fundamental building blocks of modern electronic devices, performing functions like amplification, timing, logic and data storage. Robert Noyce is considered the inventor of the first integrated circuit in 1958, setting the stage for further miniaturization and cost reduction of electronics. ICs are fabricated using processes like diffusion, metallization and etching to construct millions of components into a single small chip, bringing advantages like improved performance, reliability and reduced power consumption compared to discrete components.

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Abdelheq Saidoune
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84 views13 pages

Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuits are semiconductor chips that contain millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, transistors and diodes. They act as the fundamental building blocks of modern electronic devices, performing functions like amplification, timing, logic and data storage. Robert Noyce is considered the inventor of the first integrated circuit in 1958, setting the stage for further miniaturization and cost reduction of electronics. ICs are fabricated using processes like diffusion, metallization and etching to construct millions of components into a single small chip, bringing advantages like improved performance, reliability and reduced power consumption compared to discrete components.

Uploaded by

Abdelheq Saidoune
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGRATED

BaBoutheyna
Farssi Halima

CIRCUITS :
Saiahadda Douaa
Boucebha Abir
INTRODUCTION

Integrated circuits (ICs) are a keystone of modern electronics. They are the
heart and brains of most circuits. They are the ubiquitous little black "chips"
you find on just about every circuit board. Unless you're some kind of crazy,
analog electronics wizard, you're likely to have at least one IC in every
electronics project you build, so it's important to understand them, inside
and out.
WHAT ARE INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS?
An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip, microchip or microelectronic
circuit, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors,
capacitors, diodes and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier,
oscillator, timer, counter, logic gate, computer memory, microcontroller or
microprocessor.
An IC is the fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices. As the
name suggests, it's an integrated system of multiple miniaturized and interconnected
components embedded into a thin substrate of semiconductor material (usually
silicon crystal).
A single IC could contain thousands or millions of:
- transistors/resistors/capacitors/diodes
DEFINITION OF INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT :
An integrated circuit is a miniaturized, low-cost electronic circuit consisting of
active and passive components fabricated on a substrate. The active
components are diodes and transistors, while all passive components are
resistors and capacitors.
WHO INVENTED INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT?
The Observation made by Gorden Moore refers to Moore's Law in 1965 that
the number of transistors doubles every two years in a dense integrated
circuit. At the same time, Robert Noyce is known to be the inventor of the
first monolithic integrated circuit.
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
The invention of the transistor -- a combination of the words transfer and resistor --
in 1947 set the stage for the modern computer age.

In the late 1950s, inventors Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, Inc., and Robert
Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation found ways to lay thin paths
of metal on devices and have them function as wires. Their solution to the
problem of wiring between small electrical devices was the beginning of the
development of the modern IC.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
SYMBOL
TYPES OF INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT
Certain logic techniques and circuit designs are used to design an integrated circuit.
Three categories of IC design are the following, namely Analog, Digital, and Mixed
Design. A detailed description of each Integrated circuit design is mentioned below
• Analog Design
• Digital Design
• Mixed Design
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
ADVANTAGES
• Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.
• Batch processing results in cost reduction.
• Improve system reliability due to the elimination of soldered joints.
• Better functional performance.
• Matched Devices.
• Increased operating speed.
• Significant reduction in power consumption.
FABRICATION OF
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
The monolithic fabrication consists of various processes such as wafer
preparation, circuit probing, base and emitter diffusions, pre-ohmic etch,
metallization, epitaxial growth, diffused isolation, wire bonding,
encapsulation, dicing, mounting and packaging, and final testing.
WHY IS AN INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS IMPORTANT
The integrated circuit (IC) has millions of electronic components, like
transistors, resistors, and capacitors, constructed into a single unit. Today
almost every electronic device (computers, cell phones, cars, televisions,
digital watches) use ICs due to its small size and high reliability and efficiency.
Without ICs, electronic gadgets would be much slower and bulkier.

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