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Matrix Algebra

A matrix is a rectangular collection of numbers arranged in rows and columns. It can have any number of rows and columns. Matrices are classified based on properties like being square, diagonal, identity, scalar, or triangular. Operations on matrices include finding the transpose, cofactors, classical adjoint, and inverse. The transpose switches the rows and columns. Cofactors are determinants of sub-matrices used to find the classical adjoint and inverse. The inverse of a matrix A is its classical adjoint divided by the determinant of A.

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62 views22 pages

Matrix Algebra

A matrix is a rectangular collection of numbers arranged in rows and columns. It can have any number of rows and columns. Matrices are classified based on properties like being square, diagonal, identity, scalar, or triangular. Operations on matrices include finding the transpose, cofactors, classical adjoint, and inverse. The transpose switches the rows and columns. Cofactors are determinants of sub-matrices used to find the classical adjoint and inverse. The inverse of a matrix A is its classical adjoint divided by the determinant of A.

Uploaded by

Vangie Guevarra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Matrix Algebra

LINEAR ALGEBRA
Matrix
A matrix is a rectangular collection of variables or scalars contained
within a set of square [ ] or round ( ) brackets. A matrix consists
ofrows and columns. The numbers are the entries or elements of
the matrix.
Examples of matrices are:
2 x 2 matrix 3 x 1 matrix
3 x 2 matrix 2 x 3 matrix
Illustrative Example

The numbers are called elements of the matrix. The above matrix
would be said to have three rows (first row:, and so on) and four
columns, and would be called a matrix of order 3 x 4. The elements
are referred to by two subscripts; thus, the element in row 2, column
3 is element . A matrix may have any number of rows and any
number of columns; a general matrix is said to have order m x n,
thus, m rows and n columns.
Classification of Matrices
1. Square Matrix
◦ A matrix whose number of rows m is equal to the number of
columns n.
Classification of Matrices
2. Diagonal Matrix
◦ A diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all zero values except for
the value for all .
Classification of Matrices
3. Identity Matrix
◦ An identity matrix is a diagonal matrix with all non-zero entries
equal to 1.
Classification of Matrices
4. Scalar Matrix
◦ A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix with all non-zero entries equal
to some other constant.
Classification of Matrices
5. Triangular Matrix
◦ A triangular matrix has zeros in all positions above or below the
diagonal.
Operation of Matrices
1. Transpose of a Matrix
◦ The transpose is an (n × m) matrix formed from the original (m
× n) matrix by taking the row and making it the column. The
diagonal is unchanged in this operation. The transpose of a
matrix A is symbolized by .
Examples
1.

2.
Operation of Matrices
2. The Cofactor of an Entry in a Matrix
◦ The cofactor of an entry in a matrix is the determinant of the
matrix formed by omitting the entry’s row and column in the
original matrix. The sign of the cofactor is determined from
the following positional matrices:
Operation of Matrices
2. The Cofactor of an Entry in a Matrix

or the sign of the cofactor can be determined by the relation where


is the row number and is the column number.
Example 1
Find the cofactor of -3 in the matrix .
Solution:
-3 is at row 2, column 1. The resulting matrix is

The cofactor is:


Example 2
Find the cofactor of 5 in the matrix .
Solution:
5is at row 2, column 2. The resulting matrix is

The cofactor is:


Operation of Matrices
3. The Classical Adjoint
◦ The classical adjoint is a matrix formed from the transposed
cofactor matrix with the conventional sign arrangement. The
resulting matrix is represented as .
Example 1
Determine the classical adjoint of the matrix .
Solution:
The cofactor of 3 is
The cofactor of is
The cofactor of is
Example 1
The cofactor of 5 is
The cofactor of is
The cofactor of is
The cofactor of is
The cofactor of is
The cofactor of is
Example 1
The matrix of the cofactors is; .

By taking the transpose of the above matrix, the classical adjoint is,
Operation of Matrices
4. The Inverse Matrix
◦ The inverse of a matrix A is symbolized as and is given by,

Where is the classical adjoint of the matrix and is the


determinant of the matrix .
Example 1
Find the inverse of the matrix of .
Solution:
The classical adjoint of the matrix (from the previous example) is
Example 1
The determinants of the matrix A is
Example 1
The inverse of the matrix A is

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