Unit One: Introduction to

Physiology: The Cell and General

Chapter 2: The Cell and Its Functions

Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12 edition

• Water
• Ions
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
 Cell Structure
& Function

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Cell Theory
 All living things are made up of cells.
 Cells are the smallest working units of all living
things.
 All cells come from preexisting cells through cell
division.
Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life

Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotic
 Do not have structures
surrounded by membranes
 Few internal structures
 One-celled organisms,
Bacteria

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 Eukaryotic
 Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
 Most living organisms

Plant Animal

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 “Typical” Animal Cell

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 “Typical” Plant Cell

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding
the Cell
 Cell Membrane
 Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement in
and out of the cell
 Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
 Most commonly found
in plant cells & bacteria
 Supports & protects
cells

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Inside the Cell
 Nucleus
 Directscell activities
 Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
 Contains genetic material - DNA
 Nuclear Membrane
 Surrounds nucleus
 Made of two layers
 Openings allow material
to enter and leave
nucleus

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 Chromosomes
 In nucleus
 Made of DNA
 Contain instructions for
traits & characteristics

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 Nucleolus
 Inside nucleus
 Contains RNA to build
proteins

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Cytoplasm
 Gel-likemixture
 Surrounded by cell membrane
 Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Moves materials around in
cell
 Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
 Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface

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 Ribosomes
 Each cell contains
thousands
 Make proteins
 Found on ribosomes &
floating throughout the
cell

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 Mitochondria
 Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
 Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
 Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates

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 Golgi Bodies
 Protein 'packaging
plant'
 Move materials within
the cell
 Move materials out of
the cell

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 Lysosome
 Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
 Transports undigested
material to cell membrane
for removal
 Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes

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Vacuoles
 Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
 Contains water solution
 Help plants maintain
shape

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Chloroplast
 Usually found in plant
cells
 Contains green
chlorophyll
 Where photosynthesis
takes place

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 Functional Systems of the Cell

• Endocytosis

a. Pinocytosis

b. Phagocytosis

c. Function of the lysosome

• Synthesis and Formation of Cellular Structures

a. Proteins formed by the Rough ER

• Specific Functions of the Golgi Apparatus

a. Processing of ER secretions
b. Formation of vesicles
c. Formation of lysosomes
d. Replenishing cellular membranes
 Functions of the Mitochondria

• Production of ATP
 Mitochondria (cont.)

Chemical Processes in
the formation of ATP
 Mitochondria (cont.)

Uses of ATP for Cellular

• Ameboid Movement

a. Mechanism of ameboid locomotion

• Cilia and Ciliary Movements