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    Honors 3.7

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    Joseph Ken Alcala
    The document discusses limiting reactants and how to determine them. It defines key terms like limiting reactant, theoretical yield, and actual yield. It provides examples of calculating the limiting reactant by looking at the moles of each reactant available and dividing by the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. It also gives an example calculation of percentage yield using the theoretical and actual yields of a reaction.

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    Honors 3.7

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Ken Alcala
    43 views29 pages
    The document discusses limiting reactants and how to determine them. It defines key terms like limiting reactant, theoretical yield, and actual yield. It provides examples of calculating the limiting reactant by looking at the moles of each reactant available and dividing by the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. It also gives an example calculation of percentage yield using the theoretical and actual yields of a reaction.

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    The document discusses limiting reactants and how to determine them. It defines key terms like limiting reactant, theoretical yield, and actual yield. It provides examples of calculating the limiting reactant by looking at the moles of each reactant available and dividing by the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. It also gives an example calculation of percentage yield using the theoretical and actual yields of a reaction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    43 views29 pages

    Honors 3.7

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Ken Alcala
    The document discusses limiting reactants and how to determine them. It defines key terms like limiting reactant, theoretical yield, and actual yield. It provides examples of calculating the limiting reactant by looking at the moles of each reactant available and dividing by the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. It also gives an example calculation of percentage yield using the theoretical and actual yields of a reaction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    Section 3.

    7
    Limiting Reactants
    Grilled Cheese
    Sandwich
    Bread + Cheese  ‘Cheese Melt’
    2B + C  B2C

    100 bread 30 slices ? sandwiches

    What is the limiting factor in our ability


    to make the maximum about of grilled
    cheese sandwiches containing 2 slices
    of bread and 1 slice of cheese?
    LIMITING REACTANT
    • IMPORTANCE:

    • Calculations of limiting reactant bring


    quantitative understanding to chemical
    reactions
    • These calculations are used in both General
    and Organic Chemistry
    DEFINITIONS
    • LIMITING REACTANT
    • Completely consumed in a chemical reaction
    • Determines the amount of product formed
    • The reactant that produces the least amount of
    product
    DEFINITIONS
    • THEORETICAL YIELD
    The amount of product that can be made based on the
    amount of the limiting reactant
    • ACTUAL YIELD
    The amount of product actually or experimentally produced
    • THE PERCENT YIELD
    %yield = (actual/theoretical) x 100
    Limiting Reactants.
    An analogous situation occurs with chemical
    reactions. Consider the reaction:

    2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)


    2 mol + 1 mol 2 mol

    If we have exactly 2 mol of H2 and 1 mol of O2, then


    we can make 2 mol of water. But what if we have 4
    mol of H2 and 1 mol of O2. Now we can make only 2
    mol H2O with 2 mol H2 left over. In this case the O2 is
    the limiting reagent.

    The limiting reagent is the one with nothing left over.


    Container 1

    Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 269


    Before and After Reaction 1

    Before the reaction After the reaction


    All the hydrogen and nitrogen atoms combine.
    Container 2

    Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 270


    Before and After Reaction 2

    Before the reaction After the reaction


    Multiplying an equation through by a
    common multiple:
    We can multiply all the coefficients in a balanced equation
    by any multiple, and it still has the correct ratios of moles.
    Thus, if we have:

    Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)


    1 mole 2 moles 1 mole + 1 mole

    If we have 2 moles of Zn(s), this gives: (x 2)


    2 moles 4 moles 2 moles 2 moles

    or if we have 0.5 moles Zn(s) we have: (x 0.5)


    0.5 moles 1 mole 0.5 moles 0.5 moles
    METHODS USED TO
    DETERMINE THE LIMITING
    REACTANT
    I. Calculate the moles needed of each reactant
    and compare with the moles given
    II. Divide the moles of each reactant by its
    stoichiometric coefficient and then compare
    them
    III. Calculate the moles of product produced by
    each reactant and compare them
    Example I. Consider the reaction of H2 and N2 to give
    NH3, and assume we have 3.0 mol N2 and 6.0 mol H2.

    We have the balanced equation:

    N2(g)+ 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g)


    1 mol 3 mol 2 mol

    Factor = moles N2 we have


    moles N2 in equation
    = 3.0 mol N2
    1.0 mol N2
    = 3.0 (multiply all coefficients in
    balanced equation by this factor)
    Multiply all coefficients by factor (x 3):

    N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g)


    1 mol 3 mol 2 mol
    3 mol 3 x 3 = 9 mol 3 x 2 = 6 mol

    Try N2 as limiting reagent:

    3 mol N2 requires how many moles H2?


    = 3 x 3 = 9 mol

    We only have 6 mol H2, so H2 is the


    limiting reagent.
    Example II. Divide the moles of each
    reactant by its stoichiometric coefficient
    Consider the following reaction:

    2 Na3PO4(aq) + 3 Ba(NO3)2(aq) Ba3(PO4)2 + 6 NaNO3

    How much Ba3(PO4)2 can be formed if we have


    in the solutions 3.50 g sodium phosphate and
    6.40 g barium nitrate?
    Step 1. Convert to moles:
    First work out numbers of Moles:

    Na3PO4 = 3.50 g x 1 mol = 0.0213 mol


    164 g

    Ba(NO3)2 = 6.40 g x 1 mol = 0.0245 mol


    261 g
    Step 2. Divide moles by its stoichiometric
    coefficient
    2 Na3PO4(aq) + 3 Ba(NO3)2(aq) Ba3(PO4)2 + 6 NaNO3

    Na3PO4 : 0.0213 mol = 0.01065


    2 mol
    Ba(NO3)2 : 0.0245 mol = 0.00817 LR
    3 mol
    Example III. Calculate the amount of product
    produced by each reactant
    1N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
    Given 3.0 mole 6.0 mole

    3.0 mol N2 x 2 mol NH3 = 6.0 mol NH3


    1 mol N2
    6.0 mol H2 x 2 mol NH3 = 4.0 mol NH3 (theoretical yield)
    3 mol H2
    The reactant that produces the least amount of product is the L.R.H2
    Practice Exercise:
    Zn metal (2.00 g) plus solution of AgNO3 (2.50 g)
    reacts according to:

    Zn(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2+ 2 Ag(s)


    1 mol 2 mol

    Which is the limiting reagent?


    How much Zn will be left over?
    Step 1. Convert to moles:
    Zn = 65 g/mol
    AgNO3 = 108 + 14 + (3 x 16) = 170 g/mol

    Zn = 2.0 g x1 mol = 0.0308 mol


    65 g

    AgNO3 = 2.50 g x 1 mol = 0.0147 mol


    170 g
    Step 2. Guess limiting reagent
    Zn(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2+ 2 Ag(s)
    1 mol 2 mol
    0.0308 0.0147

    In this case it seems clear that AgNO3 must be the


    limiting reagent, because the equation says we must
    have 2 mols of AgNO3 for each mol of Zn(s), but in
    fact we have more moles of Zn(s).
    We can check this by dividing the moles of each
    reactant by their coefficients
    AgNO3 = 0.0147/2 = 0.00735
    Zn = 0.0308/1 = 0.0308

    Zn(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2+ 2 Ag(s)


    1 mol 2 mol
    0.0308 0.00735

    We in fact have 0.0305 mol of Zn, which is more


    than the 0.00735 mol of AgNO3, so AgNO3 is clearly
    the limiting reactant.
    How much Zn is left over?
    • Use the limiting reactant to determine this:

    0.0147 mol AgNO3 x 1 mol Zn x 65 g Zn


    2 mol AgNO3 1 mol Zn

    = 0.47775 g Zn
    • Subtract this from the amount of Zn available:
    2.00 g Zn - 0.4775g Zn = 1.52 g Zn in excess
    Homework
    • # 3.71-3.74 on pages 115-116
    Percent Yield:
    Theoretical yields:
    The quantity of product that forms if all of
    the limiting reagent reacts is called the
    theoretical yield. Usually, we obtain less
    than this, which is known as the actual
    yield.

    Percent yield = actual yield x 100


    Theoretical yield
    Problem:
    10.4 g of Ba(OH)2 was reacted with an excess of Na2SO4
    to give a precipitate of BaSO4. If the reaction actually
    yielded 11.2 g of BaSO4, what is a) the theoretical yield
    of BaSO4 and b) what is the percentage yield of BaSO4?
    The balanced equation for the reaction is:

    Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)


    Step 1. Convert to moles:
    Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
    1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 2 moles

    Moles Ba(OH)2:

    Mol. Mass Ba(OH)2 = 137.3 + 2 x (16.0 + 1.0)


    = 171.3 g/mol
    Moles = 10.4 g x 1 mol = 0.0607 moles
    171.3 g
    Step 2. Work out how much BaSO4 will be
    formed:
    Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
    1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 2 moles
    0.0607 moles 0.0607 moles

    When it says that one reagent is in excess, that means we


    do not have to worry about that reagent, and the other
    one is the limiting reagent, in this case the BaSO4.
    We see that 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 will produce 1 mole of
    BaSO4. Our factor is thus 0.0607, and we will get 0.0607
    moles of BaSO4.
    Convert actual yield to percentage yield:

    Percent yield = actual yield x 100 %


    Theoretical yield

    = 11.2 g x 100 %
    14.29 g

    = 78.4 % yield

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