PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY

KHWOPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

LIBALI-2, BHAKTAPUR, NEPAL

LITERATURE STUDY
ON
HOUSING
PRESENTED BY :- PRESENTED TO:-

AR. ARCHANA BADE SHRESTHA

PRAJWOL PANTA (760126)
AR. ASHOK KRISHNA SAINJU
RONIJ SANDHA (760134)
AR. RUPAK DANGOL
TEENA MANANDHAR (760147)
NIRAJ KUMAR YADAV (760149)
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
1. SOCIAL GOALS OF HOUSING
2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF HEALTHFUL HOUSING

2. HISTORY
1. DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING
2. HISTORY OF PLANNED HOUSING
3. DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING IN NEPAL
4. HISTORY OF LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL
5. DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN CENTERS IN NEPAL
6. HOUSING TYPOLOGY IN NEPAL
7. TENURE TYPOLOGY IN NEPAL
8. TENURE STATUS IN NEPAL
9. SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN KATHMANDU VALLEY
10. HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL LOW RISE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING PROJECTS

3. TYPOLOGY
1. ON THE BASIS OF Tenure
2. On the basis of affordability
3. On the basis of locations
4. On the basis of construction materials used
5. On the basis of construction 
6. On the basis of renting service
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
• A housing unit is a building that provides shelter,
comfort and protection. 

• Housing ensures that members of society have a place

to live, whether it is a home or some other kind of
dwelling lodging or shelter.

• In general sense, housing is the layout and

development of residential unit in which people can
live pleasant, peaceful and in healthy surroundings
with social, cultural and recreational facilities.

• It is also a linkage between shelter to neighborhood

and large community. Housing (slidesha
t)
"Housing refers to construction and
assigned usage of houses or buildings
collectively for the purpose of sheltering
people."
        -Dr. Bandana Jha, Professor at IIT

An Introduction to Housing
Author: Bandana Jha
Report number 10.13140/RG.2.2.24795.59681
SOCIAL GOALS OF HOUSING

• Shelter
• Family life
• Access to community facilities
• Family participation in community activities
• Economic Stability

Housing standards (
slideshare.net)
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HEALTHFUL HOUSING 
A healthful housing is most basic need after food.
Some needs that a healthful housing should provide are:- 

PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS

1. Safety and security 

2. Comfort and stability 
3. Identity and belonging 
4. Expression and creativity 
5. Self-actualization and fulfillment

Housing standards (slidesh

are.net)
 PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

Adequate space
Should provide enough living space
to accommodate its occupants
comfortably.

Housing standards (slidesh

are.net)
 Safety
Should be safe enough with features such as
smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors,
and secure locks on all doors and windows.

Good air quality

Should have good ventilation to promote good
indoor air quality.

Housing standards (slidesh

are.net)
 Adequate water supply and sanitation
Safe water enough to promote good
health, sanitation and wellbeing.

 Adequate natural light

Plenty of natural light helps to promote good
physical and mental health.

Housing standards (slidesh

are.net)
 Accessibility
Should be accessible to all members of the
community, including people with different
abilities, children and older adults.
Affordability
Should be affordable to everyone in the
community regardless of their income level.
Durability
Housing should be durable in order to protect
occupants from the elements, wear and tear, and
potential natural disasters.

Housing standards (slidesh

are.net)
HISTORY
 DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING

Lepenski Vir, Serbia 

RENIASSAN
INDUSTRIA
PREHISTORI MEDIEVAL CE TO
ANCIENT L• SLUMS MODERN
C TIMES FIRST HUMAN STANDARDIZED
TIMES (500 EARLY EFFICIENT
(10,000-3000 DWELLING
TIMES (3000CIVILIZATIONS ORNATE HOUSES • TENEMENT
REVOLUTIO TIMES (1900
B.C- 500 A.D)
A.D- HOUSES MODERN
N (1760HOUSING
– – PRESENT) BUILDINGS
B.C.) 1500A.D) (1500 A.D -
1840 A.D)
1800 A.D)

Catal Hyuk, Turkey

HISTORY OF PLANNED
HOUSING

• The evidences of planned residential areas

can be found in mohenjo daro of the
southeast and greeko roman ruins of the
west, both of which used the grid iron
pattern.
• Further references can be found in the
organic towns of middle age Europe  and
the radial and circular plans of the
renaissance period.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING IN
NEPAL
RURAL SETTLEMENTS EUROPEAN INFLUENCE DENSE URBAN AREAS

MODERNIZATION AND
EARLY HISTORY (BEFORE 1769) RANA PERIOD (1846-1951)
URBANIZATION (1960- PRESENT)

DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT(1951-
UNIFICATION (1769-1846)
1960)

GRAND PALACES NEW POLICIES

NEW SETTLEMENTS IN TERAI
HISTORY OF LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS
IN NEPAL

Source:- NEPAL URBAN HOUSING SECTOR PROFILE

DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN CENTERS IN
NEPAL

Source:- NEPAL URBAN HOUSING SECTOR PROFILE

HOUSING TYPOLOGY IN NEPAL
BASED ON STRUCTURAL QUALITY

Source:- NEPAL URBAN HOUSING SECTOR PROFILE

TENURE TYPOLOGY IN NEPAL

Source:- NEPAL URBAN HOUSING SECTOR PROFILE

TENURE STATUS IN NEPAL

Source:- NEPAL URBAN HOUSING SECTOR PROFILE

SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN
KATHMANDU

Source:- Rapid Urban Growth In The Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Monitoring Land Use
Land Cover Dynamics Of A Himalayan City With Landsat Imageries
 HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL LOW RISE
RESIDENTIAL HOUSING PROJECTS

• FIRST PRIVATE DEVELOPER TASHI RIJAL INDUSTRIES, 1980

• FIRST APARTMENT BASED HOUSING “KATHMANDU
RESIDENCY” IN LALITPUR, 2000 ANSAL CHAUDHARY
COMPANY
• FIRST SQUATTER RESETTLEMENT PROJECT, LUMANTI,1993

Source:- NEPAL URBAN HOUSING SECTOR PROFILE

TYPOLOGY
 TYPES OF HOUSING
LOAD
AFFORDABI- CONSTRUCTION RENTING
TENURE LOCATION TRANSFERIN
LITY MATERIALS SERVICE G

HOME FRAMED
OWNER PUBLIC URBAN STICK BUILT PUBLIC
STRUCTURE
SHIP
HOIUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING
S
• DETACHED
HOUSE
• CONDOMIUMS PRIVATE LOAD
• BANGALOWS RURAL MODULAR
CO-HOUSING RENTAL BEARING
HOUSING HOUSING
HOUSING WALLS
RENTAL HOUSE
• APPARTMENTS
• SINGLE FAMILY
HOUSES EARTH HYBRID
LHTC COSTAL SOCIAL
• DUPLEX SHELTERED STRUCTURE
HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING
HOMES S

CO-OPERATE The Effects of Different Types of Housing Assistance on Earn

HOUSE COMMUNITY ings and Employment on JSTOR
MOUNTAIN CONCRETE
LAND TRUST
HOUSING HOMES
HOUSING https://www.doi.org/10.1007/bf03405118
Different types of housing and respiratory health outcomes - Sci
enceDirect
HABITAT FOR
STEEL FRAME A study of seasonal variations of radon levels in different types of
HUMANITY
HOUSNG houses - ScienceDirect
HOUSE
 1.1 ON THE BASIS OF Tenure
Legal arrangement for occupying a dwelling

1.1.1 Detached Housing 1.1.2 Semi Detached Housing 

 Detached house is a house that stands  Shares one common wall with the next house.
separate from its neighboring property on  semi-detached houses are built in pairs in which
all sides, thus being physically each house's layout is a mirror image of the
DETACHED. other's
  had space between them and the
neighbor on both sides.

https://dwgmodels.com/uploads/posts/2016-06/1464936766_semi-
https://capselhomes.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Glascoed-1.jpg detached_house_2.png
1.1.3 Row House 1.1.4  Apartment
• Row homes are made up of at least three residential
units organized in a row.   Vertical type of housing is called
APARTMENT.
 Proffered For Low-income
  blocks which vary in size
 Shares similar plans considerably ,from two stories blocks to
 All of the units share a common façade. high rise towers

https://thumb.cadbull.com/img/product_img/original/Detailing-section-view-of-
https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5588/d8e7/e58e/ce1c/2900/00c3/newsletter/ residential-housing-apartment-building-dwg-file-Sun-Dec-2017-05-11-22.png
MAIN_FLOOR.jpg?1435031773
1.2.1 Duplex Housing 1.2.2 Triplex House
 Consists of three separate living units
 Consists of two separate living units within the same
within the same building
building

https://www.lankapropertyweb.com/property-news/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Triplex-01-
https://designhouseplan.com-duplex-house-plan.jpg
min.jpg
1.2.3 Ranch 1.2.4 Bungalow
 Generally single-story properties,
 Bungalows are one- or one-and-a-half stories with two or
 The ranch-style house is noted for its long, three bedrooms.
close-to-the-ground profile, and wide-open  They span a total of 1,000 to 2,000 square feet and often
layout. have a front porch.
 It has dramatic features such as varying roof  Bungalow styles include Craftsman, Arts and Crafts,
lines, cathedral ceilings, sunken living rooms, Mission-style and Queen Anne.
and extensive landscaping and grounds.

https://
i.pinimg.com/
originals/d9/ee/55/
d9ee5586d63cb4b643
6d9571d4142070.gif

https://www.pinoyhouseplans.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/
https://www.theplancollection.com/Upload/Designers/120/2544/ SHD-2012004-DESIGN2_Floor-Plan.jpg
Plan1202544Image_14_3_2018_838_2_891_593.jpg
 COMPARATIVE  ANNALSIS
S/N Bases of difference Apartment  Row house  Bungalow

1. Area on offer Lowest among all More then apartment Large than all
less the bungalows

2. Price at similar location Lowest More then apartment High price than all
less the bungalows

3. Location Largely prevalent in In both large and Rarely in cities

the outskirts of large small cities
cities

4. Maintenance Care by Care by home owner By owner

society/association

5. UDS SHARE Lowest among all More then apartment Highest UDS share
less the bungalows among three
 1.3 CORPORATE HOUSING
• Co-op housing arrangement, a group of individuals or families form a cooperative corporation
• Benefits such as shared decision-making, lower costs through economies of scale, and a sense of community

TYPES:-
1. Limited Equity Housing Cooperatives (LEHCs): 
Designed to keep housing affordable for low- and moderate-income residents.

2. Market-rate cooperatives: 
Similar to LEHCs but without the income restrictions.

3. Group Equity Housing Cooperatives: 

Formed by a group of individuals who come together to jointly own and manage a property.

4. Senior Housing Cooperatives: 

Designed for seniors and often offer shared amenities and services.

5. Student Housing Cooperatives: 

Formed by college students who want to live together and manage their own housing

The Relationship of Housing Costs and Quality to Housing Satisfaction of Older American Homeowners: Regional and Racial Differences:
Housing and Society: Vol 23, No 2 (tandfonline.com)
 2.On the basis of affordability
Refers to housing that is designed to be affordable for people with lower incomes.

1.Public housing: 
1. Government-owned and operated housing for low-income families and individuals.
2.Section 8 Housing: 
1. A federal program that provides rental assistance to low-income families and individuals.
3.Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) Housing: 
1. Housing that is built or renovated using tax credits, and is required to be rented to tenants
with low incomes.
4.Habitat for Humanity Homes: 
1. Non-profit organization that builds and sells homes to families in need at an affordable
price.
5.Community Land Trust Homes: 
1. A form of shared-equity housing where the land is owned by a non-profit and the home is
owned by the resident, allowing for more affordable homeownership.
6.Co-housing: 
1. A type of intentional community where residents share common spaces and often have a
focus on affordability and sustainability.
 3.On the basis of locations
refers to the availability of housing in different geographic areas.

1.Urban housing: 
1. Housing located in densely populated cities and towns
2.Suburban housing: 
1. Housing located in the outskirts of urban areas and a focus on family living.
3.Rural housing:
1.  Housing located in the countryside or small towns, with a focus on quiet, nature-filled surroundings and a slower
pace of life.
4.Coastal housing: 
1. Housing located along the coast, with proximity to beaches and water-based activities.
5.Mountain housing: 
1. Housing located in the mountains, often with access to skiing, hiking, and other outdoor recreational activities.

Housing Quality: An Agenda for Research - Roderick J. Lawrence, 1995 (sagepub.com)

 4.On the basis of construction materials used
- refers to the different materials and methods used to build homes

1. Stick-built homes: 
1. These are homes that are built on-site using wood framing and traditional construction methods.
2. Modular homes: 
1. These are factory-built homes that are constructed in sections, or modules, and transported to the building site for
assembly.
3. Log homes: 
1. These are homes that are constructed from logs that are stacked and interlocked to form the walls of the home.
4. Earth-sheltered homes: 
1. These are homes that are built into the ground, with some or all of the structure covered by earth or vegetation.
5. Concrete homes: 
1. These are homes that are constructed using concrete, either as a primary building material or in combination with
other materials.
6. Steel-frame homes: 
1. These are homes that are constructed using a steel frame, which can provide strength and durability.

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1992)118:3(577)
 5.On the basis of construction technology

Framed structure                                                         Load bearing wall structure

                                           

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1051137704000397
 6.On the basis of renting service

• RENTING SERVICE
• PUBLIC HOUSING
• PRIVATE RENTAL HOUSING
• SOCIAL HOUSING
• Public Housing: This is housing that is owned and managed by the government or a government agency and
is typically rented out to low-income households at a subsidized rate.
• Private Rental Housing: This is housing that is owned by an individual or a company and is rented out to
tenants at market rates. Private rental housing can include apartments, duplexes, townhouses, and single-
family homes.
• Social Housing: This is housing that is owned and managed by non-profit organizations or community
groups and is typically rented out to low-income households at a subsidized rate. Social housing can include
co-operative housing, transitional housing, and supportive housing.