CSC 201: Computer Programming I

B. S. Afolabi

1
Information
 Tutorial One
 Questions 3 and 4
 Tutorial Two
 Questions 1 and 3

2
Popular Issues 1
Array Index vs Array Value
int[] values = {99, 100, 101};
System.out.println(values[0] ); // 99

3
Popular Issues 2
Curly braces { … } after if/else, for/while

for(int i= 0; i< 5; i++)

System.out.println(“Hi”);
System.out.println(“Bye”);

What does this print?

4
Popular Issues 3
 Variable initialization
int getMinValue(int[] vals) {
int min = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
if (vals[i] < min) {
min = vals[i]
}
}
}
 What if vals = {1,2,3}?
Problem?
 Set min = Integer.MAX_VALUE or vals[0] 5
Popular Issues 4
 Variable Initialization – secondMinIndex

int minIdx = getMin(vals)

int secondIdx = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
if (i == minIdx) continue;
if (vals[i] < vals[secondIdx])
secondIdx = i;
}
 What if vals = {0, 1, 2}?
 See solutions to last assignment

6
Popular Issues 5
 Defining a method inside a method
public static void main(String[]
arguments) {
public static void foobar () {
}
}

7
 Debugging Notes 1
Use System.out.println throughout your code to
see what it’s doing

for ( int i=0; i< vals.length; i++) {

if ( vals[i] < minVal) {
System.out.println(“cur min: ” + minVal);
System.out.println(“new min: ” + vals[i]);
minVal = vals[i];
}
}
8
Debugging Notes 2
 Formatting
Ctrl-shift-f is your friend

for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {

if (vals[i] < vals[minIdx]) {
minIdx=i;
}
return minIdx;
}
 Is there a bug? Who knows! Hard to read

9
Today’s Topics

Object oriented programming

Defining Classes
Using Classes
References vs Values
Static types and methods

10
Object oriented programming
 Represent the real world

Baby
Name
Sex
Weight
Decibels
# poops so far
11
Object Oriented Programming
 Objects group together
 Primitives (int, double, char, etc..)
 Objects (String, etc…)

Baby
String name
boolean isMale
double weight
double decibels
int numPoops

12
Why use classes?
Why not just primitives?


// little baby alex

String nameAlex;
double weightAlex;
// little baby david
String nameDavid;
double weightDavid;
// little baby david
String nameDavid2; David2
double weightDavid2; Terrible
500 babies ??????
13
Why use classes?

Name
Weight
Sex
…

Baby 1

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Why use classes?
Name Name Name Name
Weight Weight Weight Weight
Sex Sex Sex Sex
… … … …

Baby 1 Baby Baby 3 Baby

2 4

496
more
Babies
… 15
Why use classes?

16
Why use classes?

17
Why use classes?

18
Why use classes?

19
Defining classes

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Class -overview
public class Baby {
String name;
boolean isMale;
double weight;
double decibels;
int numPoops = 0;
void poop() {
numPoops += 1;
System.out.println(“Dear mother, ” +
“I have pooped. Ready the diaper.”);
}
} 21
Class -overview

Baby myBaby = new Baby(); (Class instance)

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Let’s declare a baby!
Public class Baby {

}
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Note
 Class names are Capitalized

 1 Class = 1 file

 Having a main method means the class

can be run

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Baby fields
public class Baby {

TYPE var_name;
TYPE var_name = some_value;

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Baby fields
public class Baby {
String name;
double weight = 5.0;
boolean isMale;
int numPoops = 0;
XXXXX YYYYY;

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Baby Siblings?
public class Baby {
String name;
double weight = 5.0;
boolean isMale;
int numPoops = 0;
Baby[] siblings;
}

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 Ok, let’s make this baby!

Baby ourBaby = new Baby();

But what about it’s name? it’s sex?

28
Constructors
public class CLASSNAME{
CLASSNAME ( ) {
}
CLASSNAME ([ARGUMENTS]) {
}
}

CLASSNAME obj1 = new CLASSNAME();

CLASSNAME obj2 = new
CLASSNAME([ARGUMENTS])
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Constructors
 Constructor name == the class name
 No return type – never returns anything
 Usually initialize fields
 All classes need at least one constructor
 If you don’t write one, defaults to
CLASSNAME () {
}

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Baby constructor
public class Baby {
String name;
boolean isMale;
Baby(String myname, boolean maleBaby)
{
name = myname;
isMale = maleBaby;
}
}
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 Baby methods
public class Baby {
String name = “Slim Shady”;
...
void sayHi() {
System.out.println(
“Hi, my name is.. “ + name);
}
}

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Baby methods
public class Baby {
String weight = 5.0;
void eat(double foodWeight) {
if (foodWeight >= 0 && foodWeight <
weight) { weight = weight + foodWeight;
}
}
}

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Baby class
public class Baby {
String name;
double weight = 5.0;
boolean isMale;
int numPoops = 0;
Baby[] siblings;
void sayHi() {
…
}
void eat(double foodWeight) {
…}
} 34
Using classes

35
 Classes and Instances
// class Definition
public class Baby {…}

// class Instances
Baby lamidi = new Baby(“Lamidi Mundundu”,
true);
Baby tapere = new Baby(“Tapere Mundundu”,
true);
36
Accessing fields
Object.FIELDNAME

Baby lamidi = new Baby(“Lamidi

Mundundu”,true)

System.out.println(lamidi.name);
System.out.println(lamidi.numPoops);

37
Calling Methods
Object.METHODNAME([ARGUMENTS])

Baby lamidi = new Baby(“Lamidi Mundundu”,

true)
lamidi.sayHi(); // “Hi, my name is ...”
lamidi.eat(1);

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References vs Values

39
Primitives vs References
 Primitive types are basic java types
 int, long, double, boolean, char, short, byte,
float
 The actual values are stored in the variable

 Reference types are arrays and objects

 String, int[], Baby, …

40
How java stores primitives
 Variables are like fixed size cups
 Primitives are small enough that they just
fit into the cup

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How java stores objects
 Objects are too big to fit in a variable
 Stored somewhere else
 Variable stores a number that locates the
object

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How java stores objects
 Objects are too big to fit in a variable
 Stored somewhere else
 Variable stores a number that locates the
object

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References
 The object’s location is called a reference
 == compares the references

Baby dende1 = new Baby(“Dende”);

Baby dende2 = new Baby(“Dende”);

Does shiloh1 == shiloh2?

NO 44
References
Baby dende1 = new Baby(“Dende”);
Baby dende2 = new Baby(“Dende”);

“Dende”

“Dende”

45
References
Baby mybaby = new Baby(“davy”, true)
mybaby.name = “david”

name = “david”

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References
 Using = updates the reference.
baby1 = baby2

47
References
 Using = updates the reference.
baby1 = baby2

48
References

using [ ] or .
 Follows the reference to the object
 May modify the object, but never the reference
 Imagine
 Following directions to a house
 Moving the furniture around
 Analogous to
 Following the reference to an object
 Changing fields in the object

49
Methods and references
void doSomething(int x, int[] ys, Baby b) {
x = 99;
ys[0] = 99;
b.name = “99”;
}
...
int i= 0;
int[] j = {0};
Baby k = new Baby(“50”, true);
doSomething(i, j, k);
i=? j=? k=?
50
static types and methods

51
static
 Applies to fields and methods
 Means the field/method
 Is defined for the class declaration,
 Is not unique for each instance

52
static
public class Baby {
static int numBabiesMade = 0;
}
Baby.numBabiesMade = 100;
Baby b1 = new Baby();
Baby b2 = new Baby();
Baby.numBabiesMade = 2;
Baby b3 = new Baby();
What is
b1.numBabiesMade?
b2.numBabiesMade?
b3.numBabiesMade? 53
static example
 Keep track of the number of babies that
have been made.

public class Baby {

int numBabiesMade = 0;
Baby() {
numBabiesMade += 1;
}
}
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static example
 Keep track of the number of babies that
have been made.

public class Baby {

static int numBabiesMade = 0;
Baby() {
numBabiesMade += 1;
}
}
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static notes
 Non-static methods can reference static
methods, but not the other way around
 Why?
public class Baby {
String name = “DMX”;
static void whoami() {
System.out.println(name);
}
}
56
main
 Why is main static?

public static void main(String[] arguments)

{
}

57
public class Counter {
int myCount = 0;
static int ourCount = 0;
void increment () {
myCount++;
ourCount++;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Counter counter1 = new Counter();
Counter counter2 = new Counter();
counter1.increment();
counter1.increment();
counter2.increment();
System.out.println(“Counter 1: “+counter1.myCount+” “+
counter1.ourCount);
System.out.println(“Counter 2: “+counter2.myCount+” “+
counter2.ourCount);
}
58
}
public class Counter {
int myCount = 0;
static int ourCount = 0; Fields
void increment () {
myCount++; Method
ourCount++;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Counter counter1 = new Counter();
Counter counter2 = new Counter();
counter1.increment();
counter1.increment();
counter2.increment();
System.out.println(“Counter 1: “+counter1.myCount+” “+
counter1.ourCount);
System.out.println(“Counter 2: “+counter2.myCount+” “+
counter2.ourCount);
}
} 59
Class Counter
Object counter1
ourCount = 0

myCount = 0

Counter counter1 = new Counter();

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Class Counter
Object counter1 Object counter2
ourCount = 0

myCount = 0 myCount = 0

Counter counter1 = new Counter();

Counter counter2 = new Counter();

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Class Counter
Object counter1 Object counter2
ourCount = 0
1
myCount = 0 myCount = 0
1

Counter counter1 = new Counter();

Counter counter2 = new Counter();
counter1.increment();

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Class Counter
Object counter1 Object counter2
ourCount = 0
1
2 myCount = 0 myCount = 0
1
2

Counter counter1 = new Counter();

Counter counter2 = new Counter();
counter1.increment();
counter1.increment();
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Class Counter
Object counter1 Object counter2
ourCount = 0
1
2 myCount = 0 myCount = 0
3 1 1
2

Counter counter1 = new Counter();

Counter counter2 = new Counter();
counter1.increment();
counter1.increment();
counter2.increment(); 64
Access Control
public class CreditCard {
String cardNumber;
double expenses;
void charge(double amount){
expenses = expenses + amount;
}
String getCardNumber(String password) {
if (password.equals(“SECRET!3*!”)) {
return cardNumber;
}
return “jerkface”;
}
}
65
Mr. MeanGuy

public class Malicious;

public static void main(String[] args){
maliciousMethod(new CreditCard());
}
static void maliciousMethod(CreditCard Card) {
card.expenses = 0;
System.out.println(card.cardNumber);
}
}

66
 Public vs. Private
Public: others can use this
Private: only the class can use this

public/private applies to any

field or method

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Access Control
public class CreditCard {
String cardNumber;
double expenses;
void charge(double amount){
expenses = expenses + amount;
}
String getCardNumber(String password) {
if (password.equals(“SECRET!3*!”)) {
return cardNumber;
}
return “jerkface”;
}
}
68
Access Control DONE RIGHT
public class CreditCard {
private String cardNumber;
private double expenses;
public void charge(double amount){
expenses = expenses + amount;
}
public String getCardNumber(String password) {
if (password.equals(“SECRET!3*!”)) {
return cardNumber;
}
return “jerkface”;
}
}
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Why Access Control
 Protect private information (sorta)
 Clarify how others should use your class
 Keep implementation separate from
interface

70
Scope Review
public class ScopeReview{
void scopeMethod(int var1){
String var2;
if (var1 > 0) {
var2 = “above 0”;
} else {
var2 = “less than or equal to 0”;
}
System.out.println(var2);
}
}

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Scope Review
public class ScopeReview{
private int var3;
void scopeMethod(int var1){
var3 = var1;
String var2;
if (var1 > 0) {
var2 = “above 0”;
} else {
var2 = “less than or equal to 0”;
}
System.out.println(var2);
}
}
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Scope Review
public class ScopeReview{
private int var3;
void scopeMethod(int var1){
var3 = var1;
String var2;
if (var1 > 0) {
var2 = “above 0”;
} else {
var2 = “less than or equal to 0”;
}
System.out.println(var2);
}
}
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Only method level servings is
updated
public class Baby {
int servings;
void feed(int servings) {
servings = servings + servings;
}
void poop() {
System.out.println("All better!");
servings = 0; }
}

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“this” Keyword
 Clarifies scope
 Means ‘my object’

 Usage:
class Example{
int membVariable;
void setVariable(int newVal) {
this.membvariable += newVal;
}}
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Only method level servings is
updated
public class Baby {
int servings;
void feed(int servings) {
servings = servings + servings;
}
void poop() {
System.out.println("All better!");
servings = 0; }
}

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Object level “Servings” is updated
public class Baby {
int servings;
void feed(int servings) {
this.servings =
this.servings + servings;
}
void poop() {
System.out.println("All better!");
servings = 0; }
}
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Packages
 Each class belongs to a package
 Classes in the same package serve a
similar purpose
 Packages are just directories
 Classes in other packages need to be
imported

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79
80
package adult;
import parenttools.Baby;
import parenttools.BabyFood;
public class Parent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Baby baby = new Baby();
baby.feed(new BabyFood());

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}
Why Packages
 Combine similar functionality
 org.boston.libraries.Library
 org.boston.libraries.Book
 Separate similar names
 shopping.List
 packing.List

82
Special Packages
 All classes “see” classes in the same
package (no import needed)
 All classes “see” classes in java.lang
 Example:
 java.lang.String;
 java.lang.System

83
Overview
• Review
• Access Control
• Class Scope
• Packages
• Java API

84
Java API
 Java includes lots of packages/classes

 Reuse classes to avoid extra work

 http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/

85
Arrays with items
 Create the array bigger than you need
 Track the next “available” slot
 Book[] books = new Book[10];
 int nextIndex = 0;
 books[nextIndex] = b;
 nextIndex = nextIndex + 1

What if library expands?

86
ArrayList
 Modifiable list
 Internally implemented with arrays
 Features
 Get/put items by index
 Add items
 Delete items
 Loop over all items

87
88
import java.util.ArrayList;
class ArrayListExample {
public static void main(String[] arguments)
{ArrayList<String> strings = new
ArrayList<String>();
strings.add("Evan");
strings.add("Eugene");
strings.add("Adam");
System.out.println(strings.size());
System.out.println(strings.get(0));
System.out.println(strings.get(1));
strings.set(0, "Goodbye");
strings.remove(1);
for(int i = 0; i < strings.size(); i++) {
System.out.println(strings.get (i));
for (String s : strings){ System.out.println(s); } } }
89
Sets
 Like an ArrayList, but
 Only one copy of each object, and
 No array index
 Features
 Add objects to the set
 Remove objects from the set
 Is an object in the set?
 TreeSet: Sorted (lowest to highest)
 HashSet: Unordered (pseudo-random)

90
import java.util.TreeSet;
class SetExample {
public static void main(String[] arguments)
{ TreeSet<String> strings = new
TreeSet<String>(); strings.add("Evan");
strings.add("Eugene");
strings.add("Adam");
System.out.println(strings.size());
System.out.println(strings.first());
System.out.println(strings.last());
strings.remove("Eugene");
for (String s : strings){
System.out.println(s); } } }
91
Maps
Stores a (key, value) pair of objects
Look up the key, get back the value
Example: Address Book
.
Map from names to email addresses
TreeMap: Sorted (lowest to highest)
HashMap: Unordered (pseudo-random)

92
public static void main(String[] arguments)
{ HashMap<String, String> strings = new
HashMap<String, String>();
strings.put("Evan", "[email protected]");
strings.put("Eugene", "[email protected]");
strings.put("Adam", "[email protected]”);
System.out.println(strings.size());
strings.remove("Evan");
System.out.println(strings.get("Eugene"));
for (String s : strings.keySet()) {
System.out.println(s);
}
for (String s : strings.values()) {
System.out.println(s);
}
for (Map.Entry<String, String> pairs : strings.entrySet()) {
System.out.println(pairs); } }

93
Warnings
Using TreeSet/TreeMap?
Read about Comparable interface
Using HashSet/HashMap?
Read about equals, hashCode methods
Note: This only matters for classes you
build, not for java built-in types.

94
Summary
 Review
 Access Control
 Class Scope
 Packages
 Java API

95
Assignments

96
97
Assignment 4
 Modeling Book and Libraries
 class Book {}
 class Library{}
 Books can be
 Borrowed
 Returned
 Library
 Keeps track of books
 Hint: use Book[]

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99