Victimization Ppqras.

CHAPTER IV
NATUR E AND C ONC E PT OF

VIC TIM IZ AT ION
PAG E 0 1
DEFINITION OF TERMS
V I C T I M I Z AT I O N
• is defined as an undesirable consequence caused by some
external forces (as in victims of war, victims of terrorism,
victims of natural calamities) or by some individual, group or
organization (victims of rape, robbery, murder or swindling).
VICTIMOLOGY
• is defined as a discipline/study which deals with the nature,
causes of victimization, as well as the programs for aiding
and preventing victimization.
PAG E 0 2
DEFINITION OF TERMS
VICTIMOLOGIST
• is defined as a social scientist who deals with the study of
the causes of victimization and the programs of preventing
victimization.
W H AT V I C T I M O L O G I S T D O ?
Victimologists explore the interactions between victims and
offenders, victims and the criminal justice system, and victims
and society.
Four step process victimologists follow when carrying out their

research:
PAG E 0 3
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Step 1: Identify, Define, and Describe the Problem

Step 2: Measure the True Dimensions of the Problem
Step 3: Investigate How Victims Are Handled
Step 4: Gather Evidence to Test Hypotheses
VICTIM
• is a person who has suffered direct, or threatened, physical,
emotional or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission
of a crime, or in the case of a victim being an institutional
entity, any of the same harms by an individual or authorized
representative of another entity.
PAG E 0 4
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CRIME VICTIM
• refers to any person, group, or entity who has suffered
injury or loss due to illegal activity (man-made).
D I R E C T / P R I M A RY
• experiences criminal act and its consequences firsthand.
I N D I R E C T / S E C O N D A RY
• family and those who suffer emotionally or financially but
are not immediately involved or physically injured
PAG E 0 5
DEFINITION OF TERMS
THE HARM INCLUDES:
1. PHYSICAL HARM
• means any non-accidental trauma,
injury, or condition, Including
inadequate nourishment that, if
left unattended, could result in
death, disfigurement, illness, or
temporary or permanent disability
of any part or function of the
body, including inadequate
nourishment.
PAG E 0 6
DEFINITION OF TERMS
2 . P S Y C H O L O G I CA L I N J U RY
• is considered a mental harm,
suffering, damage, impairment, or
dysfunction caused to a person as a
direct result of some action or
failure to act by some individual.
3. ECONOMIC LOSS
• economic loss refers to financial less
and damage suffered by a person,
like loss of property, business
establishment and the like.
PAG E 0 7
H I S T O R Y O F V I C T I M I Z AT I O N
THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF VICTIMOLOGY CAN BE TRACED
BACK TO THE 1940S AND 1950S. UNTIL THEN, THE PRIMARY
F O C U S O F R E S E A R C H A N D A C A D E M I C A N A LY S I S I N T H E F I E L D
O F C R I M I N O LO G Y WA S O N C R I M I N A L P E R P E T R ATO R S A N D
C R I M I N A L A C T S , R AT H E R T H A N O N V I C T I M S .
TWO CRIMINOLOGISTS,
MENDELSOHN AND VON
HENTIG, BEGAN TO STUDY
THE OTHER HALF OF THE
O F F E N D E R / V I C T I M DYA D : T H E
VICTIM. THEY ARE NOW
C O N S I D E R E D T H E " FAT H E R S
OF THE STUDY OF
V I C T I M O L O G Y ."
PAG E 0 8
H I S T O R Y O F V I C T I M I Z AT I O N
Mendelsohn interviewed his clients to

o b t a i n i n f o r m a ti o n a b o u t t h e c r i m e a n d
t h e v i c ti m s . H e v i e w e d t h e v i c ti m a s o n e
factor among many in the criminal case.
His analysis had an "unconscious
a p ti t u d e f o r b e i n g v i c ti m i z e d . "
PAG E 0 9
T Y P E O F V I C T I M S (HANS VON HENTIG)

Depressive Type
• who was viewed as an easy target, careless and
unwary.
Greedy Type
• was seen as easily duped because his or her
m o ti v a ti o n f o r e a s y g a i n l o w e r s h i s o r h e r
natural tendency to be suspicious.
Wanton Type
• i s p a r ti c u l a r l y v u l n e r a b l e t o s t r e s s t h a t
o c c u r s a t a g i v e n p e r i o d o f ti m e i n t h e l i f e
c y c l e , s u c h a s j u v e n i l e v i c ti m s .
Tormentor
• t h e v i c ti m o f a tt a c k f r o m t h e t a r g e t o f h i s
a b u s e , s u c h a s t h e b a tt e r e d w o m a n
PAG E 1 0
TYPE OF VICTIMS (HANS VON HENTIG)
The Lonesome or Heartbroken

• those who are lonely or heartbroken are prone to substance
abuse, and can be easy prey for con men, the abusive and the
manipulative
The Blocked, Exempted, or Fighting
• Von Hentig was referring to victims of blackmail,
extortion, and confidence scams. In such cases, the
attention of law enforcement, and any subsequent
publicity, is something that these victims wish to avoid.
They find a means of dealing with the crimes being
committed against them (e.g., giving in to demands)
without avoiding harm or loss – and without involving
the authorities.
PAG E 1 1
VICTIMOLOGY AS AN ACADEMIC
T E R M C O N TA I N S T W O
ELEMENTS:
• Latin word "Victima" which translates into "victim".
• Greek word "logos" which means a system of knowledge, the

direction of something abstract, the direction of teaching,
science, and a discipline.
BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
" T H E F AT H E R O F V I C T I M O L O G Y " .
PAG E 1 2
T H E O R I E S O F V I C T I M I Z AT I O N
• VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

• viewed that some people may actually initiate the
confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.
• It was first presented by Hans Von Hentig (1941) and applies
only to violent victimization.
• The concept of victim offender interaction can be classified
either active or passive precipitation.
Active Precipitation occurs when victims act provocatively, use

threats or fighting words, or even attacks first the offenders.
PAG E 1 3
Passive Precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some

personal characteristics that unknowingly either threatens or
encourages the attacker.
2. LIFESTYLE
THEORY
• According to this theory, people may become crime victims
because their lifestyle increases their exposure to criminal
offenders.
PAG E 1 4
THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES OF RISK

• HIGH-RISK VICTIMS
• Victims in this group have a lifestyle that make them a higher
risk for being a victim of a violent crime.
2. MODERATE-RISK VICTIMS
• Victims that fall into this category are lower risk victims, but
for some reason were in a situation that placed them in a great
level of risk.
3. LOW-RISK VICTIMS
• The lifestyle of these individuals would normally not place
them in any degree of risk for becoming a victim of a violent
crime.
PAG E 1 5
3. DEVIANT PLACE THEORY

• victims do not encourage crime but are victim-prone because
they reside in socially disorganized high crime areas where
they have the greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal
offenders..
4. PSYCHO-SOCIAL COPING THEORY

• Psycho-social coping is a general theoretical model from which, any form of
victimological phenomena can be explained.
• The model uses behavioural versus legal concepts Phenomenology, Control
Theory, Stress Theory, Symbolic Interactions and Behaviourism are the
primary roots of this theoretical model.
PAG E 1 6
3. DEVIANT PLACE THEORY

• victims do not encourage crime but are victim-prone because
they reside in socially disorganized high crime areas where
they have the greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal
offenders..
4. PSYCHO-SOCIAL COPING THEORY

• Psycho-social coping is a general theoretical model from which, any form of
victimological phenomena can be explained.
• The model uses behavioural versus legal concepts Phenomenology, Control
Theory, Stress Theory, Symbolic Interactions and Behaviourism are the
primary roots of this theoretical model.
PAG E 1 7
5. ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY

This theory was first articulated by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson. They
concluded that the volume and distribution of predatory crime (violent crimes against
a person and crimes in which an offender attempts to steal an object directly) are
closely related to the interaction of three variables that reflect the routine activities:
• The availability of suitable targets, such as homes containing easily saleable

goods
• The absences of capable guardians, such as police, homeowners, neighbors,
friends and relatives
• The presence of motivated offenders, such as a large number of unemployed
teenagers
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YOU!

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CHAPTER IV

NATUR E AND C ONC E PT OF

Four step process victimologists follow when carrying out their

Step 1: Identify, Define, and Describe the Problem

THE HARM INCLUDES:

Mendelsohn interviewed his clients to

T Y P E O F V I C T I M S (HANS VON HENTIG)

TYPE OF VICTIMS (HANS VON HENTIG)

The Lonesome or Heartbroken

• Greek word "logos" which means a system of knowledge, the

• VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

Active Precipitation occurs when victims act provocatively, use

Passive Precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some

THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES OF RISK

3. DEVIANT PLACE THEORY

4. PSYCHO-SOCIAL COPING THEORY

3. DEVIANT PLACE THEORY

4. PSYCHO-SOCIAL COPING THEORY

5. ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY

• The availability of suitable targets, such as homes containing easily saleable

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