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    Abdul Jabbar Virology3

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    Shoaib Chaudhary
    The document describes the "chain of infection" process through 6 links: [1] an infectious agent, [2] a reservoir where the agent lives and multiplies, [3] a portal of exit from the reservoir, [4] a mode of transmission to a susceptible host, [5] a portal of entry into the host, and [6] the susceptible host. It provides examples for each link, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites as agents; humans, animals, and the environment as reservoirs; the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts as common portals of exit and entry; and direct and indirect transmission through air, water, vectors, and fomites. Breaking any link in the chain can help

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    Abdul Jabbar Virology3

    Uploaded by

    Shoaib Chaudhary
    14 views15 pages
    The document describes the "chain of infection" process through 6 links: [1] an infectious agent, [2] a reservoir where the agent lives and multiplies, [3] a portal of exit from the reservoir, [4] a mode of transmission to a susceptible host, [5] a portal of entry into the host, and [6] the susceptible host. It provides examples for each link, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites as agents; humans, animals, and the environment as reservoirs; the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts as common portals of exit and entry; and direct and indirect transmission through air, water, vectors, and fomites. Breaking any link in the chain can help

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    The document describes the "chain of infection" process through 6 links: [1] an infectious agent, [2] a reservoir where the agent lives and multiplies, [3] a portal of exit from the reservoir, [4] a mode of transmission to a susceptible host, [5] a portal of entry into the host, and [6] the susceptible host. It provides examples for each link, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites as agents; humans, animals, and the environment as reservoirs; the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts as common portals of exit and entry; and direct and indirect transmission through air, water, vectors, and fomites. Breaking any link in the chain can help

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    14 views15 pages

    Abdul Jabbar Virology3

    Uploaded by

    Shoaib Chaudhary
    The document describes the "chain of infection" process through 6 links: [1] an infectious agent, [2] a reservoir where the agent lives and multiplies, [3] a portal of exit from the reservoir, [4] a mode of transmission to a susceptible host, [5] a portal of entry into the host, and [6] the susceptible host. It provides examples for each link, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites as agents; humans, animals, and the environment as reservoirs; the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts as common portals of exit and entry; and direct and indirect transmission through air, water, vectors, and fomites. Breaking any link in the chain can help

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Virology/Mycology

    Chain of Infections
    PRESENTED BY: Abdul Jabbar

    BS-AHS MLT 5TH Semester

    Submitted To: Madam Mahnoor Nadeem


    INTRODUCTION
    .
    The “Chain of Infection” describes the process of
    infection that begins when an infectious agent
    leaves its reservoir through a portal of exit, and is
    transmitted by a mode of transmission entering
    through a portal of entry to infect a susceptible host
    Chain of Infection (Visual Concept)

    1 . Agent

    6 .Susceptible 2 . Reservoir
    Host

    5. Portal of 3. Portal of
    Entry Exit

    4 . Mode of
    Transmission
    Infectious Agent
    •Microorganisms that are responsible for causing disease production:
    •Viruses Protozoa and Helminthes
    •Bacteria •Parasites
    •Fungi •Prions*
    2 . Reservoirs of Infection
    reservoir of an infectious agent is where the infectious agent
    normally lives and multiplies human
    Reservoirs of Infection - Humans

    Human Reservoir: An
    infected person with or without apparent
    symptoms who can transmit this agent to others.

    Two types of human reservoir exist:


    • Cases: persons with symptomatic illness
    • Carriers: persons appearing asymptomatic or symptomatic

    Types of Carriers:
    1. Asymptomatic carrier: An infected individual that shows no
    symptoms. Although unaffected they can transmit disease to
    others.
    2. Symptomatic carrier: The carrier state may occur during the
    incubation period, convalescence, and post convalescence of
    an individual with a clinically recognizable disease (eg.
    influenza, childhood diseases).
    Reservoirs of Infection - Animals
    •Diseases that can be passed from animals to humans
    (eg. Lyme disease, swine flu)
    •Plague (rodents carrying infected fleas)
    Reservoirs of Infection - Environment
    Natural Environmental Reservoirs: Soil, and water

    Soil: Agents live and multiply in the soil. Examples:

    • Tetanus and botulism spores


    • Bacillus cereus causing gastroenteritis
    • Listeria monocytogenes causing gastroenteritis and meningitis

    Water: Can be the primary reservoir for Legionnaires’ bacillus,


    Vibrio cholera, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, enteroviruses and
    other agents.
    Portal of exit is the route an infectious agent leaves the host.
    The common cause of disease transmission.

    3 . Portal of Exit

    Examples:
    •Respiratory tract
    •Gastro-intestinal tract
    •Skin lesions
    4- Modes of Transmission Direct

    Direct contact
    • Skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual
    intercourse.

    4. Modes of Transmission Indirect


    Indirect transmission of an agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host
    through suspended particles, vehicles or vectors.

    • Air particles: Dust may contain agents eg. fungal spores. Droplet nuclei
    residues (dried droplet spread) coughed or sneezed into the air usually less than
    5 µ (microns) in size.
    5 . Portal of Entry
    An agent enters a susceptible host through a portal of
    entry. .
    Incubation Period: The period from exposure to
    infection to the onset of symptoms or signs of
    infectious disease.
    The length of incubation period depends on:
    • The portal of entry.
    • The rate of growth of the organism in the host.
    • The dosage of the infectious agent.
    The host resistance
    6 . Susceptible Host

    The host: is a person or other living


    organism that can be infected by an
    infectious agent under normal conditions

    A susceptible host is the final link in the chain of infection.


    Susceptibility of a host depends on:
    •General factors
    •Genetic factors
    •Specific acquired immunity
    Public Health Actions to Break the chain

    mbranes. • Use face shield during high risk procedures


    rbed through exposed eyes, nose • Carry out good housekeeping
    • Use hand hygiene

    • Dispose of wound dressings carefully and properly


    r by wound drainage or skin • Wear personal protective equipment
    ntact. • Maintain healthy intact skin
    • Use hand hygiene
    ANY QUESTION....?

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