Chapter Five

Instruments Transformer
Dept. of Electrical and computer Eng.
AASTU
Electric Distribution System
 Why use Instrument Transformers?
• Circuit Isolation
• Reduce voltage and currents
to reasonable working levels.
• Phasor combinations for
summing and measuring
power

These are special type of transformers used for the measurement of voltage, current, power
and energy. As the name suggests, these transformers are used in conjunction with the
relevant instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters and energy meters.
• Energy meter is an instrument used for measuring current and voltage called
instrument transformer.
 Types of Instrument Transformers
• Current transformer (CT)
• Potential (Voltage) transformer (PT)
1. Current Transformers

• Secondary is usually 5 A (Standard)

•5 A is sufficient for a relay to operate and for a meter to measure
 Point to note about CT
•Primary current depends on load, but not on the burden
•Current coil of Wattmeter/Ammeter is connected across the terminal of the secondary or Relay
•Secondary operates near short circuit conditions
•One of the terminal of CT secondary winding is earthed
Constructional Details of Window CT
 Constructional Details of Window CT
Layer 2

Layer 1

Core
 Current Transformer (C.T.): Current Transformer (C.T.):
– Transformers used for current measurement
– Primary winding is connected in series with
– Steps down the current to the level of ammeter. line carrying the current to be measured
• Therefore, IPri α Load
Voltage Transformer (V.T. or P.T.):
– Transformers used for voltage (Potential) measurement
– Primary winding consist of very few turns
– Steps down the voltage to the level of voltmeter.
• Therefore, no appreciable voltage drop across it
• Used in AC system for the measurement of
current, voltage, power and energy. – Secondary winding has larger number of
turns
• Finds a wide application in protection circuits • Exact number is being determined by the turn
of power system ratio
– Ex. over current, under voltage, earth fault, etc.
Ratios of Instrument Transformer:

Transformation Ratio, R = IPri / ISec for a C.T.

and R = VPri / VSec for a P.T.
Nominal Ratio, Kn = Rated IPri / Rated ISecfor a C.T.
= Rated VPri / Rated VSec for a P.T.

n = Nsec / NPri for a C.T.

Turns Ratio,
= NPri / NSec for a P.T.
Ratio Correction Factor (RCF) = Transformation Ratio/Nominal Ratio=R/Kn

or R = RCF × Kn
– The ratio marked on the transformer is their nominal ratio
– What is the meaning of KVA reading on the Transformer
 The kVA unit represents kilovolt-amperes, or 1,000 volt-amperes rating of Transformer
Care, while operating with CT Usually current is measured in terms of
voltage across a standard resistor

• Current transformers are used when the magnitude of AC currents exceeds the safe
value of current of measuring instruments.
• Potential transformers are used where the voltage of an AC circuit exceeds 750 V as it
is not possible to provide adequate insulation on measuring instruments for voltage
more than this.
Connections of CT and PT
Potential Transformer

•Secondary is connected voltmeter or Potential coil of the Wattmeter or Relay

•Design is similar to Power Transformer, but Potential Transformers are lightly loaded
• Secondary is usually rated for 110 V
• Should not be shorted
1
3
Example : a current transformer has a rating of 50VA, current ratio of 500/5 , 33kv,
50c/s. it is connected to a ac line having phase voltage of 19.1 kv. The secondary side
burden ( ammeter, relays tec) is 1.5ῼ. if the transmission line current is 300amp. Find
a. Secondary current - voltage across the secondary terminals.
b. Voltage drop across the secondary.
Solution. current ratio==
Turn ratio=, R2=1.5ῼ
a. Secondary current I2=
c. Voltage across the burden in the secondary=1.5x3=4.5 volts
Secondary voltage()=4.5 volts
b. Primary voltage()=
Hence voltage is negligible compared to the line voltage which is 19.1 kv
Example 2: A voltage transformer rated 33 kv/ 220v and a CT of 100/5 amp are used to
measure the voltage and current in a transmission line. If the voltmeter shows 200 volts, and
the ammeter 4 amp, what is the voltage and current in the line.
Solution. voltage in the line =
Current in the line =
 Errors in C.T.
• The secondary winding current is not a constant fraction of the primary
winding current
– depend upon magnetizing and loss component of exciting current
– this introduces considerable errors into current measurements ,

ratio error = (Kn-R)/R , R is actual ratio & Kn is nominal ratio

• It is necessary that the phase of Is shall be displaced exactly by 1800 from Ip.
– but, it is displaced by an angle θ.
Example :. A1000/5 amp, current transformer has the loss component of exciting
current equal to 0.7% of the primary current. Find the ratio error
i. When the turns ratio is equal to nominal ratio
ii. When the secondary turns is reduced by 0.5%
Solution. nominal ratio=
Loss component Ie=
iii.Tp=1, Ts=200, N=200
Actual ratio=200+
Ratio error=
iv. Ts=200-
Actual ratio=199+
Ratio error=
 Relationship in a C.T.:
• rs and xs = resistance and reactance of secondary winding
• re and xe = resistance and reactance of external burden
• Ep and Es = primary and secondary winding induced voltage
• Np and Ns = number of primary and secondary winding turns
• Vs = voltage at secondary winding terminals
• Ip and Is = primary and secondary winding currents
• Φ = working flux of the transformer
• θ = phase angle of transformer (angle between Is reversed and Ip)
• δ = angle between Es and Is
• Δ = phase angle of secondary winding load circuit
• Io = exciting current
• Im and Ie = magnetizing and loss component of Io
• α = angle between Io and Φ
• Z = impedance of current path
– Expression for Transformation Raito is derived on board
 Characteristic of C.T.:

• Effect of change of Ip
– If Ip changes, Is also changes proportionally
– At low values of Ip, the current Im and Ie are a great portion of Ip
• Therefore, errors are greater
– As the Ip increases, Is increases and results in decrement of R.

• Effect of change of Is
– Increment in Is means increase in Volt-Ampere rating
– This increases the secondary winding induced voltage
• Therefore, Im and Ie are increased
– Thus, the errors will be increased.

• Effect of change of Frequency

Increase in frequency will result in proportionate decrease in
flux density
pk = V / (4.44 f N) N is number of turn , V is emf voltage , f is
frequency (faraday lows)
•We know the driving torque
=
•Where K1= constant, β=phase angle between fluxes φ1 and φ2. But in our case, two fluxes are
φp and φs : β=Δ-φ

•If f, z, and α are constant,

•If N is the steady speed, breaking torque N
•At steady state, breaking torque= driving torque
K4N=K3VIsin(Δ-φ)
N=KVIsin(Δ-φ) if Δ=90
N=KVIcosφ=Kxpower
•Thus in order to have speed of rotation proportional to power, angle Δ should be equal to 90.
Hence the flux φp, must be made to lag the supply voltage by exactly 90.
Total number of revolution=
=K ; if Δ=
Total number of revolutions=K
=K
 Meter constant

We have seen number of revolution=K x energy

Where k is a constant called the meter constant.
So meter constant K=
Hence, the number of revolution made by the aluminum disc for 1 kwh of energy
consumption is called the meter constant.
Example : the meter constant of a 230 V, 10 A watthour is 1800 revolutions per kwh. The meter is tested t
half load and rated voltage and unit power factor. The meter is found to make 80 revolutions in 138s.
Determine the meter error at half load.
Solution. Actual energy consumed at heat load during 69s.
Actual energy
Energy recorded
Error
Example 2 : A meter whose constant is 750 revolution per kwh makes 15 revolutions in 30 seconds.
Determine the load in kw? Solutions.
Energy consumed in 30 sec
=
Load in kw

Example 3: A single phase kwh meter makes 500 revolutions per kwh. It is found on testing as making 4
revolutions in 58.1 seconds at a kw full load. Find out the percentage of error.
Solution energy consumed in 58.1 sec
Energy consumption registered
=
Percentage of error
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This is The End of Electrical Measurement &

Instrumentation Lectures!
Thank You !