Grade 12 The Binomial Theorem L2

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The Binomial

Theorem
Chpt 6 !
Powers ofn Binomials
Let’s expand (a + b) for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5:

a  b 
0
1
a  b 
1
1a1b 0  1a 0b1
a  b 
2 2 0 1 1 0 2
1a b  2a b  1a b
a  b 
3
1a 3b 0  3a 2b1  3a1b 2  1a 0b3
a  b 
4
1a 4b 0  4a 3b1  6a 2b 2  4a1b 3  1a 0b 4
 a  b   1a5b0  5a 4b1  10a3b 2  10a 2b3  5a1b 4  1a 0b5
5

Do you see a pattern with the binomial coefficients ???


Definition: Binomial Coefficient
The binomial coefficients that appear in the expansion
of (a + b) n are the values of n C r for r = 0, 1, 2,…,n.

Recall that a classical notation for n C r (especially in


n
the context of binomial coefficients) is .
r
Both notations are read “n choose r.”
Finding Binomial Coefficients
Expand (a + b) 5 , using a calculator to compute the
binomial coefficients.

Enter 5 n C r {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} into your calculator…

The calculator returns the list {1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1}…

a  b
5 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
 a  5a b  10a b  10a b  5ab  b
Pascal’s Triangle
To obtain this famous figure, take only the positive coefficients
from the “triangular array” from our first example of the day:
1
Row 0
1 1 Row 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
Extending Pascal’s Triangle
Show how row 5 of Pascal’s triangle can be used to obtain row 6,
and use the information to write the expansion of (x + y) 6

Row 4 1 4 6 4 1 The Pattern?


+ + + +
Row 5 1 5 10 10 5 1
+ + + + +
Row 6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1

x  y
6

6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4 5 6
x  6 x y  15 x y  20 x y  15 x y  6 xy  y
Finding Binomial Coefficients
Find the coefficient of x 10 in the expansion of (x + 2) 15 .

The only term we need:


10 5
C
15 10 x 2
10
 3003  32  x  96, 096x
10

10
The coefficient of x
The Binomial Theorem
For any positive integer n,

a  b
n

 n  n  n  n 1  n  nr r n n
  a    a b     a b    b ,
0 1 r  n
n n!
   n Cr 
where
r r ! n  r !
Using the Theorem
Expand  2x  y  2 4

a  2x
 a  b  , with
4
We expand 2
b  y
a  b
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
 a  4a b  6a b  4ab  b
2x  y   2x 
2 4 4
 4 2x   y
3
  6 2x   y 
2 2 2 2

4  2x    y    y 
2 3 2 4

4 3 2 2 4 6 8
 16 x  32 x y  24 x y  8 xy  y
Guided Practice
Find the coefficient of the given term in the binomial expression.
Coefficient:
x  y
5 8 13
x y term,
13  13 
      1287
8 5
 x  3
7 11
x term,

11 4  11 
 3     3    26, 730
4
Coefficient:
4 7
Guided Practice
 
4
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand x 3
a  b
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
 a  4a b  6a b  4ab  b

 x  x   3   6  x   3   4  x  3    3 
4 3 2 2 3 4
 4

2
 x  4 x 3x  18 x  12 3 x  9
Guided Practice
3x  y 
8
Find the fourth term of

8
  3 x    y 
5 3
Fourth term:
 3
 56   243x   y 
5 3

5 3
 13, 608x y
Guided Practice
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand a  b 
3 7

 a  7 a  b
7 6
  21a b   35a b 
3 5 3 2 4 3 3

35a  b
3
  21a  b   7a b    b 
3 4 2 3 5 3 6 3 7

7 6 3 5 6 4 9 3 12
 a 7a b  21a b  35a b  35a b
2 15 18 21
21a b  7ab b
Factorial
Identities
Basic Factorial Identities
For any integer n > 1, n! = n(n – 1)!

For any integer n > 0, (n + 1)! = (n + 1)n!


Guided Practice
 n  1  n 
Prove that
    n for all integers
 2   2 n > 2.

 n  1  n   n  1! n!
    
 2   2  2! n  1  2 ! 2! n  2 !
Identity

 n  1 n ! n  n  1!

Identity
2  n  1! 2  n  2 !
Guided Practice
 n  1  n 
Prove that
    n for all integers
 2   2 n > 2.


 n  1 n ! n  n  1!
 Definition
2  n  1! 2  n  2 ! of Factorial
Identity


 n  1 n  n  1! n  n  1 n  2 !

2  n  1! 2  n  2 !
Guided Practice
 n  1  n 
Prove that
    n for all integers
 2   2 n > 2.


 n  1 n  n  1! n  n  1 n  2 !

2  n  1! 2  n  2 !
Cancellation
Cancellation
2 2
Simplify: n  n n  n 2n

2

2

2
n
Guided Practice
n  n 
Prove that
 n  for all integers
1  n  1 n > 1.

Part 1:
n n! n  n  1!
   n
 1  1! n  1! 1 n  1!
Guided Practice
n  n 
Prove that
 n  for all integers
1  n  1 n > 1.

Part 2:
n n! n!
  
 1  1! n  1!  n  1!1!
n!  n 
  
 n  1!  n   n  1 !  n  1
Guided Practice
 n   n  1 2
Prove that
  n for all integers
 2  2  n > 2.

 n   n  1 n!  n  1!
   
 2   2  2! n  2 ! 2! n  1!
n  n  1  n  1 n  n 2  n  n 2  n 2
   n
2 2 2
Guided Practice
 n   n  1  n  1
Prove that      
 r   r 1  r 
 n  1  n  1  n  1!  n  1!
   
 r  1   r   r  1!  n  1   r  1 ! r ! n  1  r !
r  n  1!  n  r  n  1!
 
r  r  1! n  r ! r ! n  r  n  r  1!
r  n  1!  n  r  n  1!
 
r ! n  r ! r ! n  r !
Guided Practice
 n   n  1  n  1
Prove that      
 r   r 1  r 
r  n  1!  n  r  n  1!
 
r ! n  r ! r ! n  r  !
r  n  1!  n  r  n  1!  r  n  r  n  1!
 
r ! n  r ! r ! n  r !
n  n  1! n! n
   
r ! n  r ! r ! n  r !  r 
Your Turn: Pg 165
EX6B
Q3b. Q4h Q9 Q10 Q13 Q14 Q15

For further interactive practice

https://www.revisionvillage.com/ib-maths-sl/questionbank/algebra/the-binomial-theorem/

https://www.examsolutions.net/tutorials/exam-questions-binomial-expansion-other/

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