Grade 12 The Binomial Theorem L2
Grade 12 The Binomial Theorem L2
Grade 12 The Binomial Theorem L2
Theorem
Chpt 6 !
Powers ofn Binomials
Let’s expand (a + b) for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5:
a b
0
1
a b
1
1a1b 0 1a 0b1
a b
2 2 0 1 1 0 2
1a b 2a b 1a b
a b
3
1a 3b 0 3a 2b1 3a1b 2 1a 0b3
a b
4
1a 4b 0 4a 3b1 6a 2b 2 4a1b 3 1a 0b 4
a b 1a5b0 5a 4b1 10a3b 2 10a 2b3 5a1b 4 1a 0b5
5
a b
5 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
a 5a b 10a b 10a b 5ab b
Pascal’s Triangle
To obtain this famous figure, take only the positive coefficients
from the “triangular array” from our first example of the day:
1
Row 0
1 1 Row 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
Extending Pascal’s Triangle
Show how row 5 of Pascal’s triangle can be used to obtain row 6,
and use the information to write the expansion of (x + y) 6
x y
6
6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4 5 6
x 6 x y 15 x y 20 x y 15 x y 6 xy y
Finding Binomial Coefficients
Find the coefficient of x 10 in the expansion of (x + 2) 15 .
10
The coefficient of x
The Binomial Theorem
For any positive integer n,
a b
n
n n n n 1 n nr r n n
a a b a b b ,
0 1 r n
n n!
n Cr
where
r r ! n r !
Using the Theorem
Expand 2x y 2 4
a 2x
a b , with
4
We expand 2
b y
a b
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
a 4a b 6a b 4ab b
2x y 2x
2 4 4
4 2x y
3
6 2x y
2 2 2 2
4 2x y y
2 3 2 4
4 3 2 2 4 6 8
16 x 32 x y 24 x y 8 xy y
Guided Practice
Find the coefficient of the given term in the binomial expression.
Coefficient:
x y
5 8 13
x y term,
13 13
1287
8 5
x 3
7 11
x term,
11 4 11
3 3 26, 730
4
Coefficient:
4 7
Guided Practice
4
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand x 3
a b
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
a 4a b 6a b 4ab b
x x 3 6 x 3 4 x 3 3
4 3 2 2 3 4
4
2
x 4 x 3x 18 x 12 3 x 9
Guided Practice
3x y
8
Find the fourth term of
8
3 x y
5 3
Fourth term:
3
56 243x y
5 3
5 3
13, 608x y
Guided Practice
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand a b
3 7
a 7 a b
7 6
21a b 35a b
3 5 3 2 4 3 3
35a b
3
21a b 7a b b
3 4 2 3 5 3 6 3 7
7 6 3 5 6 4 9 3 12
a 7a b 21a b 35a b 35a b
2 15 18 21
21a b 7ab b
Factorial
Identities
Basic Factorial Identities
For any integer n > 1, n! = n(n – 1)!
n 1 n n 1! n!
2 2 2! n 1 2 ! 2! n 2 !
Identity
n 1 n ! n n 1!
Identity
2 n 1! 2 n 2 !
Guided Practice
n 1 n
Prove that
n for all integers
2 2 n > 2.
n 1 n ! n n 1!
Definition
2 n 1! 2 n 2 ! of Factorial
Identity
n 1 n n 1! n n 1 n 2 !
2 n 1! 2 n 2 !
Guided Practice
n 1 n
Prove that
n for all integers
2 2 n > 2.
n 1 n n 1! n n 1 n 2 !
2 n 1! 2 n 2 !
Cancellation
Cancellation
2 2
Simplify: n n n n 2n
2
2
2
n
Guided Practice
n n
Prove that
n for all integers
1 n 1 n > 1.
Part 1:
n n! n n 1!
n
1 1! n 1! 1 n 1!
Guided Practice
n n
Prove that
n for all integers
1 n 1 n > 1.
Part 2:
n n! n!
1 1! n 1! n 1!1!
n! n
n 1! n n 1 ! n 1
Guided Practice
n n 1 2
Prove that
n for all integers
2 2 n > 2.
n n 1 n! n 1!
2 2 2! n 2 ! 2! n 1!
n n 1 n 1 n n 2 n n 2 n 2
n
2 2 2
Guided Practice
n n 1 n 1
Prove that
r r 1 r
n 1 n 1 n 1! n 1!
r 1 r r 1! n 1 r 1 ! r ! n 1 r !
r n 1! n r n 1!
r r 1! n r ! r ! n r n r 1!
r n 1! n r n 1!
r ! n r ! r ! n r !
Guided Practice
n n 1 n 1
Prove that
r r 1 r
r n 1! n r n 1!
r ! n r ! r ! n r !
r n 1! n r n 1! r n r n 1!
r ! n r ! r ! n r !
n n 1! n! n
r ! n r ! r ! n r ! r
Your Turn: Pg 165
EX6B
Q3b. Q4h Q9 Q10 Q13 Q14 Q15
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