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Unit - II Friction Part A

Friction is a force that resists the relative motion between two surfaces in contact. It always acts parallel to the surfaces and in the direction opposing motion or potential motion. Friction is present in all machines and processes, resulting in energy loss as heat and wear. There are three main types of friction: dry friction between unlubricated solid surfaces, fluid friction within a moving fluid, and internal friction during cyclic loading of solids.

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Mohd Nadeem
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54 views12 pages

Unit - II Friction Part A

Friction is a force that resists the relative motion between two surfaces in contact. It always acts parallel to the surfaces and in the direction opposing motion or potential motion. Friction is present in all machines and processes, resulting in energy loss as heat and wear. There are three main types of friction: dry friction between unlubricated solid surfaces, fluid friction within a moving fluid, and internal friction during cyclic loading of solids.

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Mohd Nadeem
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FRICTION

Friction is a force that resists the movement of two contacting


surfaces that slide relative to one another. This force always acts
tangent to the surface at the points of contact and is directed so
as to oppose the possible or existing motion between the
surfaces.

Tangential forces generated between contacting surfaces are


called friction forces and occur to some degree in the interaction
between all real surfaces. Whenever a tendency exists for one
contacting surface to slide along another surface, the friction
forces developed are always in a direction to oppose this
tendency.

Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


Friction forces are present throughout nature and exist in all
machines no matter how accurately constructed or carefully
lubricated.

A machine or process in which friction is small enough to be


neglected is said to be ideal. When friction must be taken into
account, the machine or process is termed real. In all cases
where there is sliding motion between parts, the friction forces
result in a loss of energy which is dissipated in the form of heat.
Wear is another effect of friction.

Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


Types of Friction

(a) Dry Friction: Dry friction occurs when the un-lubricated


surfaces of two solids are in contact under a condition of
sliding or a tendency to slide. A friction force tangent to the
surfaces of contact occurs both during the interval leading up
to impending slippage and while slippage takes place. The
direction of this friction force always opposes the motion or
impending motion. This type of friction is also called Coulomb
friction.

Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


(b) Fluid Friction: Fluid friction occurs when adjacent layers in a
fluid (liquid or gas) are moving at different velocities. This
motion causes frictional forces between fluid elements, and
these forces depend on the relative velocity between layers.

Fluid friction depends not only on the velocity gradients within


the fluid but also on the viscosity of the fluid, which is a
measure of its resistance to shearing action between fluid
layers.

Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


(c) Internal Friction: Internal friction occurs in all solid
materials which are subjected to cyclical loading. For highly
elastic materials the recovery from deformation occurs with
very little loss of energy due to internal friction.

For materials which have low limits of elasticity and which


undergo appreciable plastic deformation during loading, a
considerable amount of internal friction may accompany this
deformation. The mechanism of internal friction is associated
with the action of shear deformation.

Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


Mechanism of Dry Friction
Consider a solid block of mass m resting on a horizontal surface,
as shown in Fig. We assume that the contacting surfaces have
some roughness. The experiment involves the application of a
horizontal force “P” which continuously increases from zero to a
value sufficient to move the block and give it an appreciable
velocity.

The free-body diagram of the block for any value of P is shown in


Fig., where the tangential friction force exerted by the plane on
the block is labeled “F”.

Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


This friction force acting on the body will always be in a
direction to oppose motion or the tendency toward motion of
the body. There is also a normal force N which in this case
equals mg, and the total force R exerted by the supporting
surface on the block is the resultant of N and F.

Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


As P is increased, the friction force must be equal and opposite
to P as long as the block does not slip. During this period the
block is in equilibrium, and all forces acting on the block must
satisfy the equilibrium equations.

Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


Finally, we reach a value of P which causes the block to slip and
to move in the direction of the applied force. At this same time
the friction force decreases slightly and abruptly. It then
remains essentially constant for a time but then decreases still
more as the velocity increases.

Static Friction
The region in Fig. up to the point of slippage or impending
motion is called the range of static friction, and in this range the
value of the friction force is determined by the equations of
equilibrium. This friction force may have any value from zero up
to and including the maximum value.

Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


For a given pair of mating surfaces the experiment shows that this
maximum value of static friction Fmax is proportional to the normal
force N. Thus, we may write:

where µs is the proportionality constant, called the coefficient of


static friction.

Eq. above describes only the limiting or maximum value of the


static friction force and not any lesser value. Thus, the equation
applies only to cases where motion is impending with the friction
force at its peak value. For a condition of static equilibrium when
motion is not impending, the static friction force is
Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Kinetic Friction
After slippage occurs, a condition of kinetic friction
accompanies the ensuing motion. Kinetic friction force is
usually somewhat less than the maximum static friction force.
The kinetic friction force Fk is also proportional to the normal
force. Thus,

Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


Dr. Mukesh Gupta J. C. BOSE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

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