This document discusses derivatives and some of their basic properties:
1. A derivative measures how quickly a function is changing at a point and can be defined as the limit of the average rate of change over smaller intervals.
2. Derivatives have many uses in physics, optimization, and other areas. They allow determining velocities, accelerations, and finding maxima and minima.
3. Computing derivatives involves taking limits of average slopes and leads to rules like the product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule for finding derivatives of more complex functions.
This document discusses derivatives and some of their basic properties:
1. A derivative measures how quickly a function is changing at a point and can be defined as the limit of the average rate of change over smaller intervals.
2. Derivatives have many uses in physics, optimization, and other areas. They allow determining velocities, accelerations, and finding maxima and minima.
3. Computing derivatives involves taking limits of average slopes and leads to rules like the product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule for finding derivatives of more complex functions.
This document discusses derivatives and some of their basic properties:
1. A derivative measures how quickly a function is changing at a point and can be defined as the limit of the average rate of change over smaller intervals.
2. Derivatives have many uses in physics, optimization, and other areas. They allow determining velocities, accelerations, and finding maxima and minima.
3. Computing derivatives involves taking limits of average slopes and leads to rules like the product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule for finding derivatives of more complex functions.
This document discusses derivatives and some of their basic properties:
1. A derivative measures how quickly a function is changing at a point and can be defined as the limit of the average rate of change over smaller intervals.
2. Derivatives have many uses in physics, optimization, and other areas. They allow determining velocities, accelerations, and finding maxima and minima.
3. Computing derivatives involves taking limits of average slopes and leads to rules like the product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule for finding derivatives of more complex functions.
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 23
Part II: Derivatives
Objectives: • Know what a derivative is • Know how to compute simple derivatives from the definition of a derivative • Know some basic facts about continuous and differentiable functions. • Corresponding Sections in Simmons: 2.3,2.6 What is a derivative? • The derivative of a function says how fast changes as changes. • Visually, is the slope of at . 4 Example: If then 3 because the slope of at is 2 1. We can see this by 1 f(x) 0 looking at the tangent -1 line to at . -2 -3 -4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x Why are derivatives useful? • Tells us how quickly something is changing. • In physics: velocity is the derivative of position and acceleration is the derivative of velocity (with respect to time). • Optimization: Derivatives are crucial for finding the minimum or maximum of functions. • And much much more. Computing derivatives • To compute the slope of a line, we take rise/run) • We could try to do the same thing with a function, taking
• Unfortunately, the slope of
f(x) can change with x, so we 4 get the average slope of f(x) 3 over the interval rather than 2 the exact slope of f(x) at x. 𝑥3 1 • However, if we make smaller 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 0 16 -1 and smaller, the slope of f(x) varies less and less in and we -2 get a better and better -3 estimate. -4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x Derivative Definition and Examples • We accomplish this by taking the limit as . • Definition: • If f’(x) exists then we say that f is differentiable at x
Example: If then
Example: If then Leibniz Notation • So far, we have written the derivative of a function f as f’. • Another notation, devised by Leibniz, is . • Warning: is a single function. and do not have values on their own.
Advantages of Leibniz notation:
• Emphasizes how the derivative is computed. • Makes it easier to express the product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule Disadvantage of Leibniz notation: • Need clumsy notation like or to write the derivative of a function at a particular point. Differentiable Implies Continuous • Restatement of continuity: f is continuous at x if and only if exists and where . • f is differentiable exists • If f is differentiable at x then
• Thus, differentiability implies continuity
• Warning: The converse is false. Not all continuous functions are differentiable! The Extreme Value Theorem • Theorem: If f is continuous on a closed interval then f takes a maximum and minimum value on . More precisely, there are such that for all , • The extreme value theorem seems obvious, but it is not so easy to prove it rigorously • The extreme value theorem depends on all of its hypotheses. The statement is not true if f is not continuous or we consider the open interval (a,b) rather than the closed interval . The Intermediate Value Theorem • Theorem: If f is continuous on a closed interval then f assumes every value between and . More precisely, for any K such that K is strictly between and , there is a such that . • Corollary: If f is continuous and and have opposite signs then there is a such that . The Mean Value Theorem • Theorem: If f is continuous on a closed interval and differentiable on then there is a such that • Note that this is the slope of the line from to
4 3 Example: If then then if we 2 take and , the mean value theorem tells us that there is a 1 f(x) 0 such that . This is indeed true -1 as -2 -3 -4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x Average and Instantaneous Speed • The idea behind the derivative is that if we look at smaller and smaller intervals (taking the limit as the length of the interval approaches 0), the average speed over the interval approaches the instantaneous speed. • The mean value theorem says that over any interval, there is some point where the instantaneous speed matches the average speed. • Warning: These statements are only true for differentiable position functions. Otherwise, weird stuff can happen. Other Consequences of the Mean Value Theorem • If on an interval then f is increasing on that interval (increasing means that implies that ). • If on an interval then f is decreasing on that interval. • If on an interval then f is constant on that interval. Part III: Rules for Derivatives Objectives: • Know the derivatives of , , • Know the product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule and be able to use them to compute sums, products, quotients, and compositions of these functions.
Corresponding sections in Simmons: 3.1,3.2,3.3,
3.4 Derivative of • For nonnegative integers n, • Examples:
• If then • This holds for all n, not just nonnegative integers! We’ll prove this for rational numbers later using implicit differentiation. Derivative of
• Recall that • Recall that
• If then Derivative of • Following similar reasoning, if then Derivatives of Sums and Differences
• This seems intuitive, but let’s check the first
equation to be sure. • Take • The Product Rule • What is ? • Warning: The Quotient Rule • What is ? • Warning: The Chain Rule • What is where is a function of ? • Chain rule: • Example: If then taking and , Reasoning behind the Chain Rule • “Proof” of the chain rule (has a flaw, but the intuition is right!):
