Code Division Multiple Access

(CDMA)

Abhinash Dash (2211EE01)

Debdoot Mitra (2211EE04)
 What is Multiple Access Technology

• Multiple access is a technique that lets multiple mobile users share the allotted
spectrum in the most effective manner.
• It refers to the technology where the users share the common radio channel.

• Multiple access techniques permit multiple access to a channel. A channel represents a system resource
assigned to a given mobile user that enables the user to establish communication with other users in the
network
 Different types of Multiple Access Technology
There are 3 types of Multiple Access Technology:-
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) - It allows several users to share the same
frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid
succession, one after the other, each using its own time slot.
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) - Here, bandwidth is divided into various
frequency bands. Each station is allocated with band to send data and that band is reserved for
particular station for all the time.
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) - Here, each station transmits data over the entire
frequency all the time. Multiple simultaneous transmissions are separated by unique code sequence.
Each user is assigned with a unique code sequence.
TDMA vs FDMA vs CDMA
 What is CDMA?

• CDMA is a multiple access technology where several transmitters can send

information simultaneously over a single communication channel.
• It's means Multiple user connected to the tower with the same radio channel.
• In CDMA different user are allocated different code for transmission over the radio
channel, hence the term Code Division.
• Numerous Signals occupy a single transmission channel.
 How does CDMA work?

A0 symbol of user 0

USER 0

USER 1

A1 symbol of user 1

C0 = [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ]
C1 =[ 1 , -1 , -1 , 1 ]
 How does CDMA work?

Multiple Symbol of each user with respective code:-

A 0 * C 0 = A0 * [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ]
= [ A0 , A0 , A0 , A0 ]

A1 * C1 = A1 * [ 1 , -1 , -1 , 1 ]
= [ A1 , -A1 , -A1 , A1 ]
 How does CDMA work?

Now we generate the combine signal at the base station

= A * C +A * C
0 0 1 1

=A +A ,A -A ,A -A ,A +A
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

The combined signal is transmitted over the same radio channel

 How does CDMA work?

From this sum signal, each user has to extract his corresponding signal
User 0 correlated with C0, that is, it multiplies elements by elements and then sums
it to retrieve the original message signal

C =[ 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ]
0

= 1*(A + A ) + 1*(A - A ) + 1*(A - A ) + 1*(A + A )

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

=4A 0
 How does CDMA work?

We got 4A0 back, which is the symbol of user 0.

Similarly, we shall get the symbol of user 1 to be 4 A 1.

Performing this correlation, Users are able to extract their respective symbols (or
messages) from this common signal that has been transmitted over the common radio
channel.
 CODE GENERATION

• The user codes in CDMA system are generated as Pseudo Noise Sequences (PN
sequences).
• The PN sequences are generated by using a mechanism or a structure known as Linear
Feedback Shift Register (LFSR).
Linear Feedback Shift Register

Xi Xi-1 Xi-2 Xi-3 Xi-4

D D D D

+
Xi = Xi-3 xor Xi-4
 Linear Feedback Shift Register

States Xi-1 Xi-2 Xi-3 Xi-4 Xi

1 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 Xi-4 is the output of the
0 0 1 0 1 PN Sequence
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0
 Linear Feedback Shift Register

Output = Xi-4
= 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

Output PN Sequence
 Linear Feedback Shift Register

State Variables = 4
Maximal Possible states the LFSR goes through = 15

An LFSR which goes through (2^D - 1) number of states are

termed as Maximal length.
 Pseudo Noise Sequences Properties

• Balance Property
• In the balance property, the number of output binary ones and the number of binary output
zeros in a single period differs by at most one.
• RUN Property
• Out of total number of runs, (2^-n) of total runs are of length n.
• Correlation Property
• If we correlate a PN code with itself it will be equal to 1.
• But if we correlate with shifted version of the code it gives us -1/N which will be zero if we
take large value of N where N is the length of PN sequence.
 Chip rate & Bandwidth

• As we have discussed the symbol data of a user is multiplied with a PN sequence.

• Hence each bit in the sequence is called chip. Let the sequence length be N , Then there are
N chips in PN sequence.

• Now after correlating the user symbol with the code , the N chips has to be transmitted
within that symbol period.
 Chip rate & Bandwidth

 So, in order to keep symbol rate same , the time to transmit each chip would be Tc= Ts/N.
where Tc is the chip time and Ts=Symbol time
 Hence if the chip time decreases, the bandwidth to transmit the CDMA signal increases that
too by a factor of N. This is called spreading of the spectrum.
 Multi User CDMA

Single User CDMA Multi User CDMA

• SNR(Single user)=
• From the above expression we can see that the • From the above expression, it can be clearly seen that
noise factor decreases by a factor of N and hence the signal power is reduced at the receiver not only due
to the noise but also due to the interference.
SNR improves when we use CDMA in comparison
• Hence, CDMA is an interference limited system, due
to general Rayleigh channel transmission which the interference power has to be managed for
better performance.
 Multi User CDMA

𝑎0

• Now lets take two users, User 0 with symbol User 1 with symbol
• Now power of user 0 = P1 and User 1=P2 respectively.
• We will now correlate the symbol with the code and then add them together to transmit them through an AWGN channel. So the signal
that we will receive is

• Now we will correlate with received waveform to get the user 0 data.
 Near-Far Problem
• The near-far problem occurs when many mobile users
share the same channel.

• ,
• SINR at the user 0 of a 2 user CDMA system is given as,

• Thus, the above expression yields the surprising result that

both the signal and interference power at the user 0 are of
the same magnitude and the effect of the spreading gain N
is lost.
• This phenomenon arises because the user 1, who is closer
to the base station, drowns out the power of the user 0,
i.e., there is heavy interference at the user 0. This is the
near–far problem in CDMA systems
 Power Control

• To avoid this near–far problem, the power that is transmitted to the different users has to be regulated in CDMA
systems, i.e., lower power has to be transmitted to users closer to the base station such as the user 1, while
transmitting at a higher power to users farther away such as the user 0. 

• This is termed power control in CDMA systems. Power control is a  very important aspect of any CDMA
wireless network as CDMA systems are interference limited
 Advantages of CDMA

• CDMA channel is not easily decodable hence it offers increase cellular

communication securities
• Easy to add many numbers of users
• Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent
• Operates at a very low power level
• Very high spectrum efficiency
• Better multipath performance
• It does not require any synchronisation
 APPLICATIONS

• Synchronous CDM (code-division 'multiplexing', an early generation of CDMA) was implemented in

the Global Positioning System (GPS). This predates and is distinct from its use in mobile phones.
• Qualcomm standard IS-95, marketed as cdmaOne.
• Qualcomm standard IS-2000, known as CDMA2000, is used by several mobile phone companies,
including the Globalstar network.
• The UMTS 3G mobile phone standard, which uses W-CDMA.
• CDMA has been used in the OmniTRACS satellite system for transportation logistics.
THANK YOU