Computer Networks

Dr. Humayun khan (PhD)

Superior University, Lahore
[email protected]
IP V4 Subnetting
Quotes of the day
Rabi Zidni Elma.
Aay ALLAH mairy Elam main izafa kr.

Seek of knowledge from cradle to the grave.

So Far we Study in IPv4
Header
Address format
Classful IP Address
 Class A
0 to 127
 Class B
 128 to 191
 Class C
 192 to 223
 Class D
 224 to 239
 Class E
 240 to 255
Routing
The data communication is done through the Network
id (1st part) of an IP Address.
The data is reach first to the destination network (using
Network id) and then to that particular host
(Destination) in that network (using Host id).
Network Address and Network Mask
Network Address: The First address of a Network is
the network address of that network, which specify the
network.
All the data communication in WAN is done through the
Network address, so that the data first reach to network
and then to Host.
Network Mask: A network mask or a default mask in
classful addressing with n leftmost bits all set to 1s and (32
− n) rightmost bits all set to 0s.
Default Network Masks
Network Address
To extract the network address from the destination
address of a packet, a router uses the AND operation.
When the destination address (or any address in the
block) is ANDed with the default mask, the result is
the network address.
AND Operation:
1 AND 1 = 1
1 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
0 AND 0 = 0
 Example
 Example: A router receives a packet with the destination
address 131.24.67.32. Show how the router finds the network
address of the packet.
 Solution: Since the class of the address is B, the router applies
the default mask for class B, 255.255.0.0 to find the network
address.
 Dest. Add. : 10000011. 00011000. 01000011. 00100000
AND
 Mask: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
 Net. Add. : 10000011. 00011000. 00000000.00000000
 = 131.24.0.0
 Example
Example: A router receives a packet with the destination address
131.24.67.32. Show how the router finds the network address of
the packet.
Solution: Since the class of the address is B, the router applies the
default mask for class B, 255.255.0.0 to find the network address.
Three-Level Addressing: Subnetting
The IP addresses were originally designed with two levels of
addressing.
To reach a host on the Internet, we must first reach the
network and then the host.
It soon became clear that we need more than two hierarchical
levels, for two reasons.
First, an organization that was granted a block in class A or B
needed to divide its large network into several subnetworks for
better security and management.
Second, the blocks in class A and B are larger and most of the
IP address then lost so class A or B could divide the block into
smaller subblocks.
Subnetting
In subnetting, a network is divided into several
smaller sub-networks (subnets)
Each sub network having its own sub network
address.
For a network here we will use /n,
Where the “n” will show the length of the network
id.
Subnet Mask
The network mask is use when a network is not sub
netted.
When we divide a network to several sub networks, we
need to create a sub network mask (or subnet mask)
for each sub network.
A sub network has subnet id and host id.
Subnet Mask Cont.
Subnetting increases the length of the net id and
decreases the length of host id.
When we divide a network to “s” number of
subnetworks, each of equal numbers of hosts,
we can calculate the sub netted for each subnetwork.
 Subnet Mask cont.
For Example: Calculate a subnet mask for a network
141.14.0.0/16. we want to make 4 sub networks for this IP
address using subnet.
First we have to calculate Subnet Mask.
We need 4 networks so 22 = 4. so we require 2 more bits
to add them in Network Id bits, so now we have 16 + 2 =
18 network id bits.
So Subnet mask for this class B will now =
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
OR: 255.255.192.0
Subnet Mask cont.
Subnetting Host IDs
Now we can further subdivide a single IP to Sub
networks through Subnetting.
In Each Subnet the First and Last IP address will be
reserved.
First IP Address will be the Network Address for that
small network (Sub Network).
The Last IP address will be the Broadcast Address for
that small network (Sub Network).
It mean that the a sub network will always support to -
2 sub host ids.
 Example (with out subnetting)
We have an IP address: 141.14.0.0
It is Class B IP address.
This network can have 216 = 65536 – 2 = 65534 Hosts.
It is a single Network.
Example (Using Subnetting)
We have an IP address: 141.14.0.0
It is Class B IP address.
This network can have 216 = 65536 – 2 = 65534 Hosts.
But we want to have let suppose 4 sub networks of this
single network
As 2n = 4 if n = 2, so 22 = 4
So we require 2 extra bits to add in the network id bits.
Example Cont.
IP address: 141.14.0.0
Network ID: 141.14.0.0/16
4 Networks = 2 bits
141.14.0.0/18
Now we have 18 bits for Network id and the
remaining bits for host id = 32-18 = 14
So now we can make 4 networks and each network
will have 214 = 16384 – 2 = 16382 Hosts.
Example Cont.
IP address: 141.14.0.0
Binary : 10001101.00001110.00000000.0000000
Network Mask for Class B: 255.255.0.0
Or: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
For Subnetting: for 4 sub networks
IP address: 141.14.0.0/18
Subnet Mask: 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
Or: 255.255.192.0
Example cont.
First Subnet:
IP address: 141.14.0.0/18
Hosts in each network 214 = 16384 – 2 = 16382
Range:
141.14.0.0 to 141.14.63.255
1st Subnet ID: 141.14.0.0/18
Example cont.
2nd Subnet: Range:
141.14.64.0 to 141.14.127.255
2nd Subnet ID: 141.14.64.0/18
3rd Subnet: Range:
141.14.128.0 to 141.14.191.255
3rd Subnet ID: 141.14.128.0/18
4th Subnet: Range:
141.14.192.0 to 141.14.255.255
4th Subnet ID: 141.14.192.0/18
Example cont.
Example to Find the Subnet Address of a
host IP
A network is divided into four subnets. Since one of
the addresses in a subnet is 141.14.120.77, Find the
subnet address.
Sol: As the IP is from Class B i.e. 141.14.120.77
Divided into 4 sub networks so 2 bits are reserved.
So the subnet mask is
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
Or: 255.255.192.0
Example Cont.
IP address: 141.14.120.77
Binary : 10001101.00001110.01111000.01001101
Subnet mask: 255.255.192.0
Or: 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
Subnet Address: IP AND subnet mask:
10001101.00001110.01111000.01001101
AND
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
Subnet Address:
10001101.00001110.01000000.00000000
= 141.14.64.0
Example Cont.
 You have an IP Address 162.168.0.0 network address. Assign addresses
to subnets according to the requirements? Find First Subnet:
range for 28 Hosts, for 2nd subnet range 52 Hosts, for 3rd subnet
range 15 Hosts, for 4th subnet range 5 Hosts? Explain IP address
requirements
Exercise
What is the subnet address if the IP address is
19.30.84.5 and the mask is 255.255.192.0?
Solution
Exercise
A company is granted the IP address 201.70.64.0, The
company needs six subnets. Design the subnets.
Solution
The Address is of Class C: 201.70.64.0
The company needs six subnets. This number 6 is not a
power of 2. The next number that is a power of 2 is 8 (23).
We need 3 more 1s in the subnet mask. The total number of
1s in the subnet mask is 27 (24 + 3).
The total number of 0s is 5 (32 ‐ 27). The mask is
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
Or 255.255.255.224
The number of subnets is 8.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 25 (5 is the
number of 0s) = 32-2 = 30
Address Range
Do it (Your Self as follow)
Home Work
Do your self of book chapter No. 5
Do the examples and exercise.

Book Name: TCP – IP protocol suite

By: Behrouz A. Forouzan