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Structure of Matplotlib

Matplotlib consists of three main layers - the backend layer which handles drawing, the artist layer which contains objects like figures and axes, and the scripting layer which provides a simplified interface. The contour() and quiver() functions can be used to plot contour maps and vector fields. Contour() plots contour lines or filled contours, while quiver() and streamplot() can depict vector fields by plotting arrows at grid points representing magnitude and direction of flow.

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59 views32 pages

Structure of Matplotlib

Matplotlib consists of three main layers - the backend layer which handles drawing, the artist layer which contains objects like figures and axes, and the scripting layer which provides a simplified interface. The contour() and quiver() functions can be used to plot contour maps and vector fields. Contour() plots contour lines or filled contours, while quiver() and streamplot() can depict vector fields by plotting arrows at grid points representing magnitude and direction of flow.

Uploaded by

shyam krishnan s
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structure of

matplotlib
• Matplotlib consists of three main layers.
Backend Layer

• It has three abstract classes:


• FigureCanvas: Defines the area on which
the figure is drawn.
• Renderer: It is the tool to draw on
FigureCanvas.
• Event: Handles user inputs such as
keybord strokes and mouse clicks.
Artist Layer

• Artist layer is composed of one object which


is Artist.

• Titles, lines, texts, axis labels are all instances of


Artist. 

• Figure is the main Artist object that holds


everything together.
• #importing matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline#creating a figure artist
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,6))
<Figure size 720x432 with 0 Axes>

There are two types of artist objects:


• Composite: Figure, Axes
• Primitive: Line, Circle, Text
Scripting Layer

•  Scripting layer is the matplotlib.pyplot interface. Thus, when


we create plots using “plt” after the following command.
• import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
• Scripting layer automates the process of putting everthing
together. Thus, it is easier to use than the Artist layer.
• #create array to be plotted
import numpy as np
ser = np.random.randn(50)#create the plot
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,6))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.plot(ser)
• We have created a Figure and Axes. Then called plot function
on the Axes object and pass the array to be plotted. The
rendered plot is:
• This figure has 1 Axes but a figure can contain multiple Axes.
Let’s create one with multiple Axes:
• #arrays to be plotted
ser1 = np.random.randn(50)
ser2 = ser1**2#create figure and axes
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2,
sharey=True,figsize=(10,6))#plot the arrays on axes
ax1.plot(ser1)
ax2.plot(ser2)
• ser1 = np.random.randn(50)
ser2 = ser1**2fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2,
sharey=True, figsize=(12,6))ax1.plot(ser1)
ax1.grid()
ax1.set_title('First Series', fontsize=15)
ax1.set_ylabel('Values', fontsize=12)
ax1.set_xlabel('Timesteps', fontsize=12)ax2.plot(ser2)
ax2.set_title('Second Series', fontsize=15)
ax2.text(25,-1, 'First Series Squared', fontsize=12)
ax2.set_xlabel('Timesteps', fontsize=12)
• In addition to the titles and axis labels, we have added grid
lines to the first axes and a text artist to the second axes. The
plot we have produced:
Contour Plot using
Matplotlib – Python
• Contour plots also called level plots are a tool for doing
multivariate analysis and visualizing 3-D plots in 2-D space. 
• Contour plots are widely used to visualize density, altitudes or
heights of the mountain as well as in the meteorological
department. Due to such wide
usage matplotlib.pyplot provides a method contour to make it
easy for us to draw contour plots.
• The matplotlib.pyplot.contour() are usually useful when Z =
f(X, Y) i.e Z changes as a function of input X and Y. 
• Syntax: matplotlib.pyplot.contour([X, Y, ] Z, [levels], **kwargs)
• Parameters:
X, Y: 2-D numpy arrays with same shape as Z or 1-D arrays
such that len(X)==M and len(Y)==N (where M and N are rows
and columns of Z)
Z: The height values over which the contour is drawn. Shape is
(M, N)
levels: Determines the number and positions of the contour
lines / regions.
• Example #1: Plotting of Contour using conour() which
only plots contour lines.
• # Implementation of matplotlib functiont
• import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
• import numpy as np

• feature_x = np.arange(0, 50, 2)


• feature_y = np.arange(0, 50, 3)

• # Creating 2-D grid of features


• [X, Y] = np.meshgrid(feature_x, feature_y)
• fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)

• Z = np.cos(X / 2) + np.sin(Y / 4)

• # plots contour lines


• ax.contour(X, Y, Z)

• ax.set_title('Contour Plot')
• ax.set_xlabel('feature_x')
• ax.set_ylabel('feature_y')

• plt.show()
• # Implementation of matplotlib function
• import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
• import numpy as np

• feature_x = np.linspace(-5.0, 3.0, 70)


• feature_y = np.linspace(-5.0, 3.0, 70)

• # Creating 2-D grid of features


• [X, Y] = np.meshgrid(feature_x, feature_y)

• fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)

• Z = X ** 2 + Y ** 2

• # plots filled contour plot


• ax.contourf(X, Y, Z)

• ax.set_title('Filled Contour Plot')


• ax.set_xlabel('feature_x')
• ax.set_ylabel('feature_y')

• plt.show()
• Vector fields
• The quantity incorporating both magnitude and direction is
known as Vectors.
•  In order to perform this task we are going to use
the quiver() method and the streamplot() method
in matplotlib module.
• Syntax:
• To plot a vector field using the quiver() method:
• matplotlib.pyplot.quiver(X, Y, U, V, **kw) 
• Where X, Y define the Vector location and U, V are directional
arrows with respect of the Vector location.
• To plot a vector field using the streamplot() method:
• matplotlib.pyplot.streamplot(X, Y, U, V, density=1,
linewidth=None, color=None, **kw)
• Where X, Y are evenly spaced grid[1D array] and U and V
represent the stream velocity of each point present on the
grid. Density is the no. of vector per area of the plot. Line
width represents the thickness of streamlines.
• Example 1: Plotting a single vector using quiver() method in matplotlib module.
# Import libraries
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Vector origin location


X = [0]
Y = [0]

# Directional vectors
U = [2]
V = [1]

# Creating plot
plt.quiver(X, Y, U, V, color='b', units='xy', scale=1)
plt.title('Single Vector')
# x-lim and y-lim
plt.xlim(-2, 5)
plt.ylim(-2, 2.5)

# Show plot with grid


plt.grid()
plt.show()
• Example 2: Generating multiple vectors using quiver() method.
• # Import required modules
• import numpy as np
• import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

• # Meshgrid
• x, y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-5, 5, 10),
• np.linspace(-5, 5, 10))

• # Directional vectors
• u = -y/np.sqrt(x**2 + y**2)
• v = x/(x**2 + y**2)

• # Plotting Vector Field with QUIVER


• plt.quiver(x, y, u, v, color='g')
• plt.title('Vector Field')
• # Setting x, y boundary limits
• plt.xlim(-7, 7)
• plt.ylim(-7, 7)

• # Show plot with grid


• plt.grid()
• plt.show()
• Example 3: Plotting multiple vectors using streamplot() method
in matplotlib module.
• # Import required modules
• import numpy as np
• import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

• # 1D arrays
• x = np.arange(-5,5,0.1)
• y = np.arange(-5,5,0.1)

• # Meshgrid
• X,Y = np.meshgrid(x,y)

• # Assign vector directions


• Ex = (X + 1)/((X+1)**2 + Y**2) - (X - 1)/((X-1)**2 + Y**2)
• Ey = Y/((X+1)**2 + Y**2) - Y/((X-1)**2 + Y**2)
• # Depict illustration
• plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
• plt.streamplot(X,Y,Ex,Ey, density=1.4, linewidth=None,
color='#A23BEC')
• plt.plot(-1,0,'-or')
• plt.plot(1,0,'-og')
• plt.title('Electromagnetic Field')

• # Show plot with grid


• plt.grid()
• plt.show()

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