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Access Control

This document discusses access control, which regulates who or what can view or use resources in a computing environment. It covers various access control models like discretionary access control (DAC), mandatory access control (MAC), role-based access control (RBAC), and rule-based access control. It also discusses access control terminology, principles, policies, implementations, best practices, and technologies used to implement access control like access control lists, group policy, and account restrictions.

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Harshith
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75 views21 pages

Access Control

This document discusses access control, which regulates who or what can view or use resources in a computing environment. It covers various access control models like discretionary access control (DAC), mandatory access control (MAC), role-based access control (RBAC), and rule-based access control. It also discusses access control terminology, principles, policies, implementations, best practices, and technologies used to implement access control like access control lists, group policy, and account restrictions.

Uploaded by

Harshith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Access Control

Topic 3, with other topic also covered


Introduction
• Users first must be identified as authorized user, such as by logging in
with user name and password to laptop computer
• Because laptop connects to corporate network that contains critical
data, important also to restrict user access to only software,
hardware, and other resources for which user has been approved
• These two acts—authenticating only approved users and controlling
their access to resources—are important foundations in information
security
ACCESS CONTROL?-Access control is a security technique that
regulates who or what can view or use resources in a computing environment. It is a fundamental
concept in security that minimizes risk to the business or organization.

• Access Control - Granting Or Denying Approval To Use Specific Resources;


It Is Controlling Access

• Physical Access Control - Fencing, Hardware Door


• Locks, And Mantraps That Limit Contact With Devices

• Technical Access Control - Technology Restrictions That Limit Users On


Computers From Accessing Data
Access Control Principles
Access Control Terminology
• Identification - presenting credentials (example: delivery driver
presenting employee badge)
• Authentication - checking credentials (example: examining the
delivery driver’s badge)
• Authorization - granting permission to take action
• (Example: allowing delivery driver to pick up package)
Access Control Models/Policies
• Access control model - hardware and software
predefined framework that custodian can use for
controlling access
• Access control models used by custodians for access
control are neither created nor installed by custodians or
users; instead, these models are already part of software
and hardware.
• Access control models
• DAC - least restrictive model
• MAC - opposite of dac and is most restrictive
access control model
• UAC user/admin level model that notifies or requires
authentication prior to granting access
• Discretionary Access Control (DAC) - least restrictive model
• Every object has owner, who has total control over that object
• Owners can create and access their objects freely
• Owner can give permissions to other subjects over these objects
• DAC used on operating systems like unix and microsoft windows
• DAC has two significant weaknesses:
• Dac relies on decisions by end-user to set proper level of security; incorrect permissions might be granted to subject or permissions might be
given to unauthorized subject
• Subject’s permissions will be “inherited” by any programs that subject executes; attackers often take advantage of this inheritance because end-
users
• Mandatory Access Control (MAC) - Opposite of DAC and is most restrictive access
control model
• MAC assigns users’ access controls strictly
• According to custodian’s desires and user has no freedom to set any controls
• Two key elements to mac:
• Labels - every entity is an object (laptops, files, projects, and so on) and assigned classification label
(confidential, secret, and top secret) while subjects assigned privilege label (a clearance)
• Levels - hierarchy based on labels is also used, both for objects and subjects (top secret higher level
than secret)
Mandatory Access Control (MAC): MAJOR
IMPLEMENTATIONS
• LATTICE MODEL - Subjects and objects are assigned
• “Rung” on lattice and multiple lattices can be placed beside each other
• BELL-LAPADULA - Similar to lattice model but subjects may not create
new object or perform specific functions on lower level objects
• BIBA INTEGRITY MODEL - Goes beyond BLP model and adds
protecting data integrity and confidentiality
• MANDATORY INTEGRITY CONTROL (MIC) - Based on BIBA
model, mic ensures data integrity by controlling access to securable objects
Windows User Account Control
• ROLE BASED ACCESS CONTROL (RBAC) - Considered more “real-
world” access control than other models because access based on
user’s job function within organization
• Instead of setting permissions for each user or group assigns permissions
to particular roles in organization and then assigns users to those roles
• Objects are set to be a certain type, to which subjects with that particular
role have access
• Subjects may have multiple roles assigned to them
• RULE BASED ACCESS CONTROL (RBAC) - Dynamically
assign roles to subjects based on set of rules defined by custodian
• Each resource object contains set of access properties
based on rules
• When user attempts to access that resource, system checks rules
contained in object to determine if access is permissible
Best practices for Access Control
• A FEW BEST PRACTICES:
• Separation of duties - not to give one person total control
• Job rotation - individuals periodically moved between job responsibilities
• Least privilege - limiting access to information based on what is needed to
perform a job function
• Implicit deny - if condition is not explicitly met, access request is rejected
• Mandatory vacations - limits fraud, because perpetrator must be present daily to
hide fraudulent actions
Implementing Access Control
• NOW THAT WE HAVE DISCUSSED THE MODELS THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IT IS
TIME TO EXAMINE THE TECHNOLOGIES USED TO IMPLEMENT ACCESS CONTROL:
• ACCESS CONTROL LISTS
• GROUP POLICY
• ACCOUNT RESTRICTIONS
• ACCESS CONTROL LIST (ACL) - SET OF PERMISSIONS
ATTACHED TO AN OBJECT
• Group policy - microsoft windows feature that provides centralized management and
configuration of computers and remote users using active directory (ad)

• Usually used in enterprise environments

• Settings stored in group policy objects (gpos)

• Local group policy has fewer options than a group policy and used to configure settings for
systems not part of ad
• Time of day restrictions
• Time of day restrictions - limits the time of day a user may log onto a system
• Time blocks for permitted access are chosen
• Can be set on individual systems
•Account expiration RESTRICTIONS
• Orphaned accounts - accounts that remain active after employee has left organization
• Dormant accounts – accounts not Accessed for lengthy period of time Both can be security risks
• Account expiration - process of setting a user’s account to expire
Account expiration can be explicit (account expires on a set date) or based on specific number of
days of inactivity

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